최종삼ChoiJong-Sam , 손수범SonSoo-Bbom , 이재학LeeJae-Hak

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Abstract

We studied the changes of Korean folk Ssirum in accordance with economic growth from 1980's to 2000. The purpose of this study is to describe the changes of each period after Korean folk Ssirum has been started and to disclose how Korean folk Ssirum has changed as economy has growed. For this, we divided the period of from 1980's to 2000 into period of quickening, period of fixing, period of developing, period of transition etc. The results of the study are as follows ; First, As our economy grow qualitatively and quantitatively, Food life of the nation be improved, athletes' physique was high remarkably and oversized as much as athletes have growed increasing. Especially, Ssirum athletes' weight class changed into 4-3-2 after Korean folk Ssirum had been started. Second, As the concern of Ssirum competition is high, each enterprises have founded folk Ssirum team successively, have propagated their companies and have pursued of profit and folk Ssirum became professional. Finally, the professional of Ssirum was quickened professional players, was impreved players' welfare and elevated their social position. Third, When Korean folk Ssirum had been started the prize money of the winner was 15,000,000Won and in period of fixing the prize money reduced. In period of developing the prize money was stepped up into 30,000,000Won, but in economic crisis the prize money was reduced into 10,000,000Won. And when our country come out of economic crisis, the prize money was stepped up into 50,000,000Won. Forth, Korean economic crisis have had negative influence on sports and Korean folk Ssirum. In IMF each enterprises disjointed their Ssirum team, gave rise to Korean Ssirum union's financial hardship, the freezing and deduction on a contract deposit and an annual salary, the earlier retirement of Ssirum players, the cancellation of folk Ssirum competition in foreign country. Accordingly, In accordance with korean economy grow folk Ssirum become active. But in economic stagnation korean folk Ssirum also become sluggish.

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곽형기KoackHyung-kie

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Historically, Olympic had influence upon the economical, social, cultural development of the each nation which participated in the Olympic Games. In modern society, it paved the way for each nation's harmony and peace through the practical efforts of olympism. There have been various and numerous researches on the Olympic Movements and the Olympic Games. The focus of the researches are related to (a) investigate the issues and problems of amateurism, (b) pursue the development of moral attitude and health, (c) investigate the nature of sports for the essential culture, (d) improve and promote the each nation's peace through the participation in the Olympic Games. In the past, Olympic Games was developed by the pure olympism , however, nowadays it is thrown on the horns of a dilemma by the nationalism for medal contests, the professionalism for commercial profit and the complications of political power. As a matter of fact, it will be an important matter to understand the nature of Olympic and the social forces that influenced to the development of Olympic Games. Religion, peace, artistry are the main characteristics of Olympism. And the function of IOC, Olympism, nationalism, industrialization, mass-communication, commercialization are the main characteristics that have a great influence on the development of Olympic Games. These understandings may helpful for the right direction of future Olympic Games.

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이진수LeeJin-Soo , 김명수KimMyong-Soo

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This study is intend to figure out the literal feature of Japanes Buto which was performed in Edo era. As a bibliographic reaserch for this study, I analysed the content of reference book, < Neko No Myojits >. There are the main points of the discussion that I gave attention. 1. On the establishment of < Neko No Myojits >, the taoism of Changtzu had a great influence. Tao is the ultimate reality in this world. If we have hard training of sword technique with all my heart we shoud be can reach that Tao. 2. Tao is not same the sword technique, but the sword technique is the key of the Tao. To get the Tao we do our best. We train with all our's might to reach highest level of technique. Just the Tao is that our mind to get the highest level of sword technique. 3. Tao is meant for disciplining oneself and attaining virtues which is humanity, loyalty, courtesy, wisdom and trust. The man who attaining virtues trains with all his might to reach highest level of technique shoud obtain the tao of the sword.

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김재우KimJae-Woo , 이학래LeeHak-Lae

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This study was intended to investigate the background and entity and process of the introduction of popular physical education enforced before Korean liberation from Japanese imperialistic domination. In Sept, 1931, Niels Bukh and his entourage from Holland paid a visit to Korea and demonstrated the model game, which provided an opportunity for athletic pioneers to attempt to disseminate popular physical education with an aim of overcoming the hierarchial and structural conflict in Korean physical education, enhancing Korean morale, elevating the characteristics of Korean people and reinforcing national cooperation and solidarity. And athletic pioneers attempted to disseminate popular physical education as a basis for Korea to become a wealthy nation. Popular physical education in Korea was transformed to suit the Korean situation on the basis of Niels Buch’s health gymnastics(保健體操), which was called the method of popular health gymnastics(民衆保健體操法). This was made up of basic exercise and applied exercise. Basic exercise consisted of events that could evenly develop each region of the human body such as neck exercise, leg warming-up, arm exercise, respiratory exercise and the like. The exercise was reasonable in the sequence of warming-up and cooling-down, And applied exercise was divided into ‘exercise that should be performed with two persons combined’ and ‘exercise requiring the aid’. The former had the combination of 12 types of workout and the latter had the combination of 15 kinds of workout. Especially, exercise that should be performed with two persons combined’ included many bouts of stretching that we currently are perform to prevent injury and increase flexibility. On the one hand, popular physical education was disseminated through such social organizations as YMCA, the Chosun Physical Education Research Institute(朝鮮體育硏究會), the Chondo-kyo Academy(天道敎學友堂) and the like. Popular physical education Trainee attending the workshop sponsored by these social organizations formed the gymnastic company and thereby popularized health gymnastics, which caused it to take root.

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하남길HaNam-Gil , 임유진You-JinLim

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The Korean sports movement in the latter half of the twentieth century is marked by some unique characteristics. In this article we would like to examine and describe the development aspects of the sports movement in one of these Asian countries Korea from the perspective of political and social developments. This article will aim at bringing to light the developmental aspects of the quick changes in Korean sports during the latter half of the twentieth century. In short, by clarifying how the Korean sports movement unfolded during the latter half of the twentieth century, we hope to explain the course of development of Korean sports in a more integrated manner. So as to achieve this goal, we investigated and traced the course by which the Korean sports movement unfolded from 1945 to 1992, endeavoring, in the process, to grasp the total picture. After the end of World War Ⅱ a nongovernmental sports organization, the Korean Sports Council, took charge of the Korean sports movement but achieved little. During the 1960`s, starting with the appearance of a new president of military origins and with the government designing a new sports policy and actively supporting the sports movement, Korean sports developed very quickly in a very short time. The concrete characteristics of this development can be condensed into the following examples. First, the Korea sports movement can be categorized into an educational system sports movement and a social sports movement, with the latter developing on the foundations of the former. Second, the Korean sports movement was promoted by both private and governmental organizations, but the government took the lead and the Korean sports movement evolved from the strong will and support of different regimes. Third, Korean sports policy aimed at developing both popular sports and a sports elite. But the sports elite did not grow out of the success of a popular sports movement; on the contrary, it was the success of an elite sports movement that served to open the door to a new era of popular sports. Fourth, an active sports movement unfolded from the 1960`s through the 1980`s, showing a thirty-year period of revolutionary change.

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김홍식KimHong-Sik

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This study is a critique of criteria that was classified play, game, and sport in textbook of the 6th National Curriculum for Physical Education. At textbooks of the 6th National Curriculum for Physical Education, especially, rules is prime criterion that classify play, game, and sports. Play is defined as free, voluntary activity that does not exist of a rigid rules. Game is defined as competitive play(or activity) that is controlled by a rigid rule. And, sports is classified as organized, competitive physical activity. But, these criteria is very ambiguous. Because rules as basic criterion is not classified clearly. Therefore, criteria that were classified for play, game, and sport, should be re-defined as follows. Play is activities that is limited by voluntary rules, compromised by participants. Game is competitive activities that controlled by traditionalized rules. Sports is competitive activities, for contest of physical excellence, that controlled by institutionalized rules.

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이현옥YiHyun-Oak

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The purpose of this study was to suggest the human aggression, as the origin of sport activities. In Lorentz’ research of the ethology, the quarrel between species, the strife for gaining territory, the sexual life, the habits and the consciousness, the anonymity of groups and the ties and so on start from the animals’ aggressions and this became the basic materials of the competition, the rule and the origin of the genesis which can be the constituents of sport. The research of the ethology showed that sport was related with the aggression which is human instinct and sport exists as the institution that can accomodate the destructive aggression in the society most rationally. I think we have to discard the attitude just to try to adapt the methodical value of sport although the value of sport exists with human instinct. sport were the only thing to express and purify the aggression and it is expected to play the important role to create the future culture.

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임재구Limjaegoo , 윤여탁Yoonyeotak

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It is rather problem to emphasize the identity and public empathy in modern society. It facilitates group identity instead of individuality, resulting in ignorance of individuals and isolation. It is generally considered that individuals who do not participate in sport are unusual. Thus, it is probable that individuals` uniqueness are ignored and standardization of individuals are formulated. Mass media has contributed to the facilitation of this phenomena, which can be regarded as malfunction of mass media. Due to the highly advanced and sophisticated technology, equipments have been too much sophisticated to understand and use in terms of complexity and cost. This actually produces problems in dominance of human-beings in relation to instruments. It is critical for human-beings to acquire dominance and freedom in using sport equipment. The identity through sport involvement should not overly accentuated to utilize it for financial or commercial ends. It is important to emphasize values of sport, ethics, eco-sport, and human-centered sport to revitalize human-beings` identity in sport culture.

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이학준LeeHak-Jun

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The purpose of this study is to suggest the prescription that regain lost smile out of our face in sport. In order to regain our smile in our face, We have to abandon desires of a gold medal. Only to live for gold medal, Our faces would have lose enjoyment through sport activity itself. such as that, Our face have lost smile face. So, In order to recover lost smile, We have to suggest a prescription to recover our lost smile face. The main reason of lost smile in sport is not so much in sport activity itself, as the ourself through sport activity. That is to say, the reason of our lost smile is centered sport of competition, victory, record, result. The prescription of regain smile face is centered sport of co-exist, meaning, emotion, process. Therefor We do not have to forget the fact that we don`t exist for sport, but sport exist for human being.

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김남진KimNamJin

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This study is designed to provide basic information to help women working stay healthy. For this purpose, the health problems and exercise of 414 subjects from Feb 16 to June 21, 2001 are correlated. The Cornell Medical Index (CMI) is used and data is analyzed using SPSSWIN 10.0. Results are as follows: First, the group who exercise continuously and regularly manifested less physical health complaints than the other group who do not exercise regularly. These complaints include eyes and ears, cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, skin, nervous system, fatigue and habits. Second, the group who exercise continuously and regularly manifested less mental health complaints than the other group who do not exercise regularly. These complaints include adaptation, depression and anxiety. Third, the group who exercise continuously and regularly manifested good subjective health status than the other group who do not exercise regularly. Fourth, there was significance in the relation between regular exercise and health status(physical, mental, subjective).

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박승용ParkSeung-Yong , 임승엽LimSeung-Yup

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The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationships between the participation in physical activities and service satisfaction among soldiers. Specifically, we first examine the relationship between participation status in physical activities and service satisfaction. second, we examine the relationship between the degree of their participation in physical activities and service satisfaction. After these examinations, we present the directions for encouraging physical activities, and propose the administration policies that can raise the service satisfaction of military servicemen. In order to achieve the goals of this research, we set up those who are doing their service in the army this year(2001) and analyzed 1191 soldiers as a sample by proportional stratified cluster random sampling. The tool for data collection is "Questionnaire for the relationships between participation in physical activities and service satisfaction among military servicemen", and the results of reliability shows service satisfaction of α=.8178∼8875. Methods used for statistical analysis are ANCOVA, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis. The results, based on this research method and data analysis, are as follows : First, There is a difference in service satisfaction according to whether soldiers participate in physical activities or not. Namely, service satisfaction of soldiers who participate in physical activities is higher than those who do not. Second, the degree of participation in physical activities is related to the service satisfaction. That is, the higher the frequency of participation in physical activities, the higher the service satisfaction. In addition, the higher the intensity of participation in physical activities, the higher service satisfaction as well.

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정수호Jungsoo-ho

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The purpose of this study is to demonstrate subject and environmental problem that leisure sport facilities involve, as a method of promoting regional activity. For examining the question of how to the establishment of leisure sport development is proceeding apace, it is to analysis the relation between theory of sport and contemporary system. Then, we try to investigate what leisure sport resort is throughout assessment of leisure sport boom in japan. There are an undeniable fact that leisure sport boom from the experience of environmental issue in japan is discernible in the prevalence of massive environment destruction. Recently, Environmental sociology is an emerging field to deal with the environmental issues and problems. Below, I will focus from this perspective on the theory of life-environmentalism which is the approach to environmental sociology in Japan surrounding leisure sport development. Using ideas and method research of life-enviromentalism bring forward a new direction which is based on ecologically sustainable economic development for local residents. Even, it is suggest to delineate the various points to sport researchers themselves, the leisure sport in Korea associated with regional development in which sustainability is defined one the basis of the entire local residents/ environment system.

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함은주HamEun-Ju , 원영심WonYoung-Shin

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The purpose of this study is to look into the narrative structure of TV sport coverage; then understand how the realities of sports are reconstructed through TV; and also understand how the entertainment and fun immanent in sports are emphasized and reinforced. Therefore, in this study the text of both the women’s rifle(10M)-shooting events and the men’s fencing(fleuret) final events at the 2000 Year’s Sydney Olympics were analysed. The narrative analysis was based on Todorov’s theory of ‘balance-imbalance-rebalancing’, and additionally through analysis of the pictures and interpretations(commentaries), the function of the pictures and commentaries in the narration of sport coverage was understood. Findings are as follows: It appeared that in the narration of both the final events of shooting and fencing at Sydney Olympics, a flow of ‘balance-imbalance-rebalancing’ defined as ‘the state of passage’ is replaced by a diagram so called ‘the progress of shooting events, the competition and trouble situation occurring in the events, and the result’. Further, the narrative structure of such ‘balance-imbalance-rebalancing’ reinforces the entertainment and fun immanent in sport; specially the entertainment and fun is reinforced in the process of emphasizing imbalance and rebalancing.

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김영수KimYoung-Soo

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of cognitive ability and self-esteem on regular exercise in the elderly. The subjects were selected physically health in the elderly in areas of Seoul. The number of samples was a total of 21 Male, Female elderly. The instruments used in the study were cognitive ability, the standardized K-WAIS, originally developed by Wechsler(1981), was adopted. The study measured digit span, digit symbol and object assembly related to subjects cognitive ability rather than the whole dimensions of intelligence. the Self-Esteem Scale(10 item) by Rosenberg(1965) translated standardized by Kim, Gui-Bong(2000). The used statistical methods for the data analysis were two-way ANOVA analysis. Through such data analyzes, this study obtained the results as follows : First, sex, continue exercise were higher than before exercise in memory, deduction and problem solving in Male, female. Second, age, continue exercise were higher than before exercise in memory, deduction and problem solving in Male, female. Third, sex, continue exercise were higher than before exercise in self-esteem in male, female. Forth, age, continue exercise were higher than before exercise in self-esteem in male, female.

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장국진JangGuk-Jin , 오경석OhKyung-Suk , 김상식KimSang-Sik

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This research is to study achievement goal orientation and achievement motivaton that is individual characters of technique grade of cycle racer in order to provide basic references for selection, management, ability and technique grade of cycle racer. I have measured achievement goal orientation using TEOSQ and achievement motivation using SAI for 148 persons, 23 exellent racers, 45 great racers, 45 regular racers and other 45 ordinary racers among 284 racers whom registered to the Association of Cycle Race. I also have used MANOVA to examine difference between achievement goal orientation and lower variation of achievement motivation, and used Canonical correlation to examine relationships between achievement goal orientation and achievement motivation. The results are followings: First, excellent group of high technique grade is highest for ego orientation and object orientation that is achievement goal orientation and ordinary group is lowest It shows that there is difference in technique grade and is relation in ability and technique grade. Second, successful achievement motive in achievement motivation by technique grade is different by technique grade and is related with ability and technique grade, but failure avoid motive is different by technique grade and has no relation with ability and technique grade. Third, Canonical correlation of achievement goal orientation and achievement motivation has no relation among achievement goal orientation and achievement motivation.

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박찬호ParkChan-Ho , 김정주KimJung-Ju

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The purpose of this study was investigate the tempera mental characteristics of 197 basketball players. In this research we adopted the method of Eysenck(1947) for the temperament survey. The results of this study were as follows: Meanwhile, when we categorize the temperamental characteristics in terms of their position, we find that the point guards are dominantly choleric, then equally sanguine, melancholic or phlegmatic. Shooting guards are predominantly choleric or sanguine, then somewhere between sanguine and phlegmatic, between sanguine and melancholic, and between melancholic and phlegmatic. Small forwards were shown to be largely choleric, then sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic in order. Power forwards were dominantly choleric or phlegmatic, then melancholic and sanguine in the order. The center positioners were either choleric or melancholic, then sanguine, followed by melancholic.

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정진근JeongJin-Keum , 김정완KimJeong-Whan

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Dan-Jeon breathing training on athletes’ psychological skills training by applying Dan-Jeon breathing training for 15 archers. Data were collected from 15 subjects who were divided into two groups: an experimental group (7 participants), and a control group (8 participants). The subjects in the experimental group received training in Dan-jeon breathing at the rate of three 60 minute treatments per week, for a period of twelve weeks. The control group received no Dan-Jeon breathing training. The Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS) was used to investigate all subjects’ psychological skills before and after the experiment. The results revealed that, prior to the experiment, there were no statistically significant differences in the psychological skills between the two groups. In contrast, the results from the post experiment tests showed that there were statistically significant differences in the anxiety, concentration, confidence, mental preparation motivation and team emphasis factors of the experimental group, whereas the control group showed no improvement in those areas.

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박종현Chong-HyunPark

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The purpose of this dissertation find out the effects of various combinations of mental and physical practice on the performance, retention, and transfer of sports skills. For the experiment of this study forty-four boy students were chosen among the first year students of a high school. Those students were divided into five groups according to five conditions, each group consisting of eleven students. The contents of the experiment design were as follows: each group practice according to the characteristics and experimental groups (mental-physical practice distributions - 75% : 25%, 50%: 50%, 25% : 75%and physical practice 100%) for a determined period (for three weeks). Here the contents of mental practice given to the examine were to induce them the peak performance of their fake-bunt in baseball after letting them fully know the programs for the relaxation, mental picture adjustment, control, and concentration. In succession, after we let them picture mentally the videotaped contents of the tasks, we asked them to perform for themselves the motions of the fake-bunt against the straight-balls following the already recorded material. For the physical practice, however, they were allowed perform repeatedly the motions of the practice following the recorded contents during the allotted time. Two-way ANOVA design was used and the following conclusions were acquired: First, it was shown that in the performance of motor skills less than 50% distribution of the mental practice against the physical practice was more effective. Second, the task-exercise which was done in the learning of motor skills during a decided time was proved to be meaningful in the interaction between the trials by groups transfer effect, however it was not proved to be meaningful among the groups.

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임병걸LimByeong-gill , 유생열YooSeang-leol

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of Goal-Setting in jump rope on psychological factors of elementary school children. The subjects were 58 elementary school students of two classes (27 subjects for experimental group and 31 subjects for control group). A Korean version of Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Question for elementary school children was utilized to measure the task and ego orientation. Another Korean version of physical self-efficacy scale was used to measure perceived physical self-efficacy and physical self-expression efficacy. For goal-setting, Yoo's (2000) ladder goal-setting form was used to help subjects divide their goals into various stages of objectives. ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) showed that five weeks of goal-setting for jump rope improved task orientation, ego orientation, and perceived physical self-efficacy for elementary school children. However, physical self-expression efficacy was not improved.

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한태준HanTae-Joon , 김용근KimYong-Keum

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of competitive state anxiety on archer’s performance in middle school student. Subjects were male(56) and female(49) respectively. For the this purpose, this study used test of archers’ competitive state anxiety(TACSA) to identify anxiety. The result of this study were as follows ; 1) In the male archer’s, there is no difference on competitive state anxiety between career with upper 4years players and under 4 years players, and career with upper 4 years players were higher than under 4 years player on 1st round performance, and state self-confidence had influenced significantly on 1st round performance. 2) In the female archer’s, there is no difference on competitive state anxiety between career with upper 4 years players and under 4 years players, and cognitive state anxiety had influenced significantly on 3rd round performance. 3) The career with upper 4 years player was higher than under 4 years player on male, but the career with under 4 years player was higher than upper 4 years player on female in the 1st round performance.

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신정호ShinJeong-Ho , 유생열YooSeang-Leol , 송우엽SongWoo-Yeob

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The purpose of this study was to examine the Effect of Perceived Physical Competence on Intrinsic Motivation in Elementary School Physical Education Class. The subjects participated in this study were 780 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade elementary school children. A Korea version of PPCSC(Perceived Physical Competence Subscale for Children) was utilized as a tool to obtain Perceived Physical Competence of Elementary School Children. Another Korean version of IMI(Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) was used to measure the levels of ‘tension-pressure’, ‘effort-importance’, ‘perceived competence’, and ‘interest-enjoy’. The researchers divided subjects into two groups according to Standard Deviation(SD) of Perceived Physical Competence Scale. The subjects whose score was more than positive 1 of SD were assigned as ‘Higher Perceived Physical Competence Group’(HPPCG) and The subjects whose score was less than negative 1 of SD was assigned as ‘Lower Perceived Physical Competence Group’ (LPPCG). MANOVA was utilized to see the mean differences between HPPCG and LPPCG. There were significant(p<.05)mean differences in all 4 levels of IMI. HPPCG showed higher mean scores in ‘effort-importance’, ‘perceived competence’, and ‘interest-enjoy’. However, LPPCG demonstrated higher mean score in ‘tension-pressure’. Discriminant function showed that the variables of IMI( 4 factors) may be used to predict significantly (p<.05) HPPCG and LPPCG. Percent of cases corretly classified was 86.9%. Some suggestions for higher physical self-competence are proposed.

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김상국KimSang-Kook , 전찬열JeonChan-Yeol , 가경환KaKyung-Hwan

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between high school physical education teachers’ teaching patterns and students’ learning attitude. In order to carry out the study issue, 4 high schools were selected that located in the Kangnam, Kangbuk, Kangdong and Kangsuh areas and 336 male and females high school students were sampled from those high schools. Frequency analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted for data. This study showed that high school physical education teachers’ teaching behavior As a result, the following findings were obtained: First, the factors relating to high school physical education teachers’ teaching patterns were found to include a total of 6 sub-factor such as preparation for classes, information delivery, diversity, enthusiasm for classes, safety guidance, and the level of interest in student. The factors relating of students’ learning attitude towards physical education were founded to include a total of 4 sub-factors such as the level of participation, activity, preparedness and stability. Second, an attempt was made to analyze the relationship between high school physical education teachers’ teaching patterns and students’ learning attitude(the level of participation, activity, preparedness and stability). As an result, it was found that there was a significant relationship between students’ activity and factors such as teachers’ information delivery and safety guidance(p<.05). There was a significant relationship between students’ preparedness and teachers’ level of interest in students(p<.05). And there was a significant relationship between students’ level of participation in classes and teachers’ information delivery(p<.05).

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이삼선LeeSam-Sun

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The purpose of this research is to verify that the effect of physical expression activities-teaching to the creativity of the first year children in an elementary school. To achieve the purpose of this research first, Extracted a subject matter connected with ‘Physical expression activities’ from all curriculums by analysis on the first year in an elementary school. Second, Re-constructed gradational teaching-plan for ‘Physical expression activities’. Third, Verified the effect making a contribution to the creativity by appling gradational teaching-plan for ‘Physical expression activities’ to the first year children in an elementary school. The subject of study is eighty children on the first year in an elementary school in Daegu City by randam sampling. And is divided into two parts. One is ‘experimental group’ and the other is ‘control group’. The method of research, experimental-study, is to apply drafted ‘Physical expression activities-teaching plan’ to the first year children in an elementary school. It took the research 9 months from March to November, 1999. And the numbers of teaching-plan applied are 28. To verify the effect for creativity, this research is based on the theory that the ‘Structure of Intellect of Guilford’ and the measuring instrument in use is ‘Creativity’ thinking power’- test paper for the lower classes in an elementary school by Lee ki woo, and so on at Korean Aptitude Institute in 1997. I’ve compared the lower part’s marks for creativity through each mean and standard deviation for before and after studying of ‘research group’ and ‘comparative group’. To catch the significant difference in statistics. This research data is handled with the analysis of covariance by SPSSWIN. Through the research-method and procedure above I’ve gained the conclusion below. 1. It is possible to apply reconstructing gradational teaching plan to the related curriculum by synthetic method or independent after extracting the materials for ‘Physical expression activities’ from all the first year’s curriculum in an elementary school. 2. After instructing Physical expression activities gradationally, experimental group has an significant effect on ‘abstract thinking power’ and ‘sensibility cooperative power’as the lower parts of creativity.

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홍준희HongJunHee

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This study identified the effects of school year and sex on the middle school students` achievement goal orientation in physical education and examined that Dweck`s implicit belief(1986, 1996) could predict the achievement goal orientation. A total of 352 students responded to Likert type question on achievement goal orientation and implicit belief. The data analyses were used to 3(school year) × 2(sex) independant MANOVA and simple regresstion. Results indicated that First, significant main effects were found for learning goal orientation according to school year and learning and performance-avoidance goal orientation according to sex. Second, learning and performance-avoidance goal orientation was statistically significant on the implicit belief. These results could be useful to the design of student-oriented physical education classes and the plan of effective teaching strategies.

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김승재KimSeung-Jae

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The purpose of this study was to compare and analysis physical education classes in Korea and Japan, using ALT-PE system and heart rate (HR) telemetry. The data were collected with VTR recording and HR measurement for 48 hours of physical education classes, 24 hours for Korean and Japan, respectively. Percentages for academic learning time and t-tests for heart rate were used. The correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between academic learning time and heart rate. The results were summarized as the followings: First, there were no differences between the two groups in the context level and the learner involvement level. Second, the average HR and maximum HR were higher in Japanese classes than in Korean classes (p < .001). There was a positive relation between the academic learning time and the physical activity level.

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강준상KangJun-Sang

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The importance of sports information depends upon the software development and database related with the admission examination in the athletic department of college, even though there are a lot of needs, owing to the lack of database and the absence of program, the needs of the consumers are not actually being corresponded adequately. These information about the admission examination in the athletic department of college is the important elements related with the scientific analysis and prediction of the basic physical strength, the effective operation of the physical strength management/ improvement system, and the standard of the estimation for the admission examination in the athletic department of college. Therefore, the supply of database and program about the information related with the admission examination in the athletic department of college must be serviced at any cost. Consequently, in this study I purposed to supply the service for the admission examination of the athletic department in college by developing software which the athletic college applicants and the people concerned with the admission examination can effectively manage and operate the information about the physical strength for the admission and establishing database.

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김동선KimDong-Sun

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Abstract

If South and North Koreas should join hands to co-host the 2010 Winter Olympic games, Korean people's image would be greatly improved world-wide. In addition, two Koreas' positions in the international community would be reinforced with our voices heard more. Internally, two Korean peoples would cooperate with each other to invite and organize the games, which would create a favorable environment for our national solidarity and pride. Then, such an environment of national accord would help to ease the tension between two Koreas and thereby, advance the peaceful national unification. This strategy -the one using the sports games- seems to be very persuasive because it helps to pave the way to the creation of a favorable condition for the peaceful national unification and world peace thereof; since the Korean peninsula is the only territory divided, its unification sure would contribute to the world peace. On the other hand, such a meaningful co-organization of the Winter Olympic games would encourage North Korea to more participate in the international sports society, while making them feel equal to their counterpart South Korea. In other words, it may be most feasible for North Korea to agree to such a strategy or proposal. Of course, there are some countries or cities who want to host the Winter Olympic games. And many of them have some advantages, geographic or capacity-wise, of hosting the global sports festival. However, if North Korea should be willing to cooperate with South Korea who has been much experienced in organization of the international sports and other events, it is assured that the 2010 Winter Olympic games would be one of the most successful games that the world has ever witnessed. Hence, we need to do our best to co-host the 2010 Winter Olympic games with North Korea and thereby, make the event a valuable opportunity to see our peninsula united in a peaceful way.

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박찬호ParkChan-Ho

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Abstract

To study was designed to examine the present status of training in the basketball players. In highschool university, and professional team, 6 of each, 197 basketball players were selected. In this research we adopted the method of Mativeev (1997) for the training status. The results of this study were as follow: In the annual cycle of training and game participation, the professional players have far more training and game days, namely, an average of 305.50 days and 74.25 days respectively, compared with the other groups. The high school and college teams have intensive training in December and January, while the professionals have heavy training in August and September just before the season starts. According to the inquiry result, the high school players have more change-of-air training than the other groups. Related to the question about when the players come back from training before the games start, the professional players were proved to return earliest, that is, 45.24 days before. In terms of the frequency and number of games, the game intervals between colleges were most distant, namely 45.21 days among the three groups.

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김기영KimGi-Young

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Abstract

The principal purpose of this study is to analyze closely the relationship between participation motivation of sport for all and satisfaction of leisure·family job·family among urban housewives. For this purpose the research was administered to using materials of 345 urban housewives participating of sport for all in Seoul and Kyunggi area in 2000. Data were collected through samples by means of cluster random sampling method. The questionnaire for data collection of this study was based on those used in previous studies among participation motivation, satisfaction of leisure, satisfaction of family job, and satisfaction of family scales, and used them after examing the verification of validity and reliability through pilot test. The methods of Statistics used to analyze the collected datas were multiple classification of analysis(MCA) and covariances of analysis(ANCOVA). Based on the procedures and results of the study, the following conclusions were warranted: First, There is no difference from the relationship between participation motivation of sport for all and satisfaction of leisure among urban housewives. Second, There is no difference from the relationship between participation motivation of sport for all and satisfaction of family job among urban housewives. Third, There is no difference from the relationship between participation motivation of sport for all and satisfaction of family among urban housewives.

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고재곤KoJae-Gon , 나상준NaSang-Jun

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Abstract

The research is to propose the way to expand physical facilities meeting various demands for leisure activities by investigating physical facilities of areas and estimating the number of population participating in exercise for living of local residents. The number of population taking part in exercise for living according to areas and sport events and the demand of physical facilities required in the future are estimated in this research accordingly. It may be summarized like this. First of all, the result of estimation of the number of population participating in a short period of time was obtained by calculating the number of population participating in each sport event using the participation rates of physical activities according to areas and sport events and the number of population according to areas and by calculating the number of population newly participating in sport events that was expected to increase comparatively in a short period of time using the rate of hoping for participation according to sport events. And the present condition of the rates of participation according to areas and sport events was used as a supplementary coefficient. The result of estimation of the number of population participating in physical activities in a short-term period was that the population taking part in swimming, tennis, golf, etc. was expected to increase, but the increasing rate of physical fitness, aerobics, etc. was expected to be as little as 5%. Second, the estimation of the number of population participating in a long-term period was resulted in that the participation rate of physical activities increased gradually in the areas of Seoul, Incheon, Gangwon, Chungnam, Jeonbuk and Gyungnam and those areas might be considered showing a remarkable increase particularly in recent times. The areas of Busan, Daegu and Chungbuk, however, might be considered showing a gradual increase but slowdown recently. On the other hand, the areas of Gwangju, Gyunggi and Gyungbuk showed the continuous decrease in the participation rate of physical activities, Daejeon having an inconsistent change of participation rate, and Jeonnam was understood that it even showed an increasing trend insignificantly, but the change of participation rate was in stagnation due to its slight rate. Actually, physical activities have disparate characters differing from those of general economic activities done in the market and is recognized currently one of the people`s basic rights. Therefore, the policy of setting a certain level of political goal and inducing the people to participate in physical activities actively in order to accomplish the goal seems to be desirable rather than the determination of supply according to the changing trend of demand in the market. If physical activities are considered as the people`s basic right, the policy for making the participation rate 100% should be promoted naturally, but many actual difficulties might be followed. Consequently, the priority is setting policy goal capable of being accomplished actually. And it seems to be desirable that the policy goal should be adjusted upwardly to the level of the participation rate of physical activities in advanced countries.

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이승주LeeSeung-Joo

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Abstract

To study the effect of joining in public exercise facilities on body composition, body weight, muscle mass, fat weight, %body fat and %abdominal fat, WHR of 52 adults who want to exercise at least 8 weeks were measured three times by electrical impedance method. The 2nd and the 3rd measurements of body weight in female were reduced significantly, but not in male. Muscle mass change was not statistically significant, but the 2nd measurement was increased, and the 3rd measurement was reduced compared to the 1st and the 2nd measurements in both male and female. Fat mass in male was significantly reduced at the 3rd measurement compared to the 1st. In case of female the 2nd and the 3rd measurements were statistically significantly reduced. Body fat percentage was statistically reduced at the 2nd and the 3rd in both male and female, but no difference between the 2nd and the 3rd. Abdominal fat percentage tend to decrease in both male and female. The 2nd measurement of female was significantly different from the 1st measurement, but there was no change in male. The 2nd measurement of WHR in male was significantly changed, and in female the 2nd and the 3rd were reduced significantly. In conclusion, body composition of an average person can be changed positively through 16 weeks of voluntary training in public exercise facilities. The change in body composition was more significant for the first 8 weeks of training than for the second 8 weeks. The reason for this was assumed that most subjects were not participating in any specific type of exercise training, and the first 8 weeks of training might have on a significant effect on body composition. The change through the first 8 weeks of training effect was sustained after 16 weeks, which means that the voluntary training in public exercise facilities can change body composition positively.

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이웅기LeeWoong-Ki , 조성진ChoSung-Jin , 손기상SonKi-Sang , 노재귀NhoJae-Gui

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine relationship between leisure functioning and community leisure program participants. Participants completed the Korean version of Leisure Diagnostics Battery(LDB), and a 3-item survey collecting demographic data. Analysis of Covariance(ANCOVA) showed that total or partial BDI scores were accounted for by change in 6-community leisure program participants. This study came to the following findings: First, recreation-using ability of housewives varies with the area where they participate in their program. It is shown that the people having their activities in Kang-dong, Kang-seo, Northern. North-east area have enjoyed more efficiently than the ones in North-west area. Second, recreation adjustment ability is shown with some differences in which area they have participated. It is shown that people having their activities in Kang-seo, Northern, North-east area have more adjustment ability of recreation than the ones in North-west area. Third, there recreational desires are so different from the ones of each area where they participate in activity program for the housewife. It shows higher in Kang-nam are than the other area such as Kang-dong, Kang-seo, Northern, North-east. and they in North-west area do higher than the other areas, such as Kang-dong, Kang-seo, Northern, North-west area. Fourth, the recreational devote level varies with recreational program which the housewives participate in. The one in Kang-nam area shows higher than the other areas, and they in North-west area do higher than the other areas, such as Kang-dong, Kang-seo, Northern, North-west area.

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김현석KimHyun-Suk , 임금옥LimKeum-Ok

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Abstract

This study was intended to provide basic materials for probing the developmental direction of dance for all corresponding to the diverse needs and level of participators. For this purpose, this study attempted to analyze participator’s motivation for participation in dance for all with a focus on its events popularly practiced in Korea in response to the diverse needs for dance for all with the increase of women’s desires for leisure. To attain the goal of this study, an attempt was made to investigate and analyze the motivation for participation in dance for all for 306 adult women above 10 years of age enrolled in the dance-for-all program at the cultural center of press companies and department stores in Seoul. As a result, the following results were obtained: 1. In terms of homeostasis factors such as health promotion, fitness maintenance and the like, the group of adult women, in their 50s, having the educational level of less than high school, unemployed, married, involved in Korean dance and enrolled in dance for all over the period between one year and less than 3 years, showed the high level of motivation for participation in dance for all. 2. In terms of activity factors such as physical activity per se, the release of powerlessness and the like, the group of adult women, in their 30s, having the educational level of more than college studentship, employed, unmarried, involved in jazz dance and enrolled in dance for all over the period of more than three years, showed the high level of motivation for participation in dance for all. 3. In terms of purgation factors such as diversion, emotional stability. rest and the like, the group of adult women, more than 60 years of age, having the educational level of more than college studentship, employed, unmarried, involved in Korean dance and enrolled in dance for all over the period of more than three years, showed the high level of motivation for participation in dance for all. 4. In terms of affiliation factors such as interpersonal relations, belongingness needs and the like, the group of adult women, in their 50 years of age, having the educational level of lass than high school graduation, unemployed, married, involved in Korean dance and enrolled in dance for all over the period of more than three years, showed the high level of motivation for participation in dance for all. 5. In terms of ostentation factors such as showing-off, well-proportioned form and the like, the group of adult women, in their 30s, having the educational level of less than high school graduation, employed, unmarried, involved in jazz dance and enrolled in dance for all over the period of more than three years, showed the high level of motivation for participation in dance for all. 6. In terms of achievement factors such as the reinforcement of mental power, satisfaction through physical activity, cultivation of self-confidence, the group of adult women, in their 30s, having the educational level of more than college studentship, employed, unmarried, involved in Korean dance and enrolled in dance for all over the period of more than three years, showed the high level of motivation for participation in dance for all. 7. In terms of autonomy factors such as the good use of leisure, preparation for leisure in old age and the like, the group of adult women, more than 60 years of age, having the educational level of less than high school graduation, unemployed, married, involved in sport dance and enrolled in dance for all over the period of more than three years, showed the high level of motivation for participation in dance for all.

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박세혁ParkSe-Hyuk

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Abstract

According to the specialization theory, highly specialized recreational sport participants are likely to be more concerned about advanced skill development, quality equipment, quality instructors, and so on. Effective programming, pricing, distribution, and promotion strategies could then be formulated by utilizing the theory of the specialization. The primary purpose of this paper was to test whether individuals with different recreational sport programs exhibit different range and degree of specialization. The population for the study included all participants, eighteen years or older, enrolled in recreational sport programs offered by a commercial sport center in Seoul. This study used a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected from 455 recreational sport participants in five different programs (golf, swimming, aerobics, squash, and bowling). The dimensions used to define specialization were investment, behavioral loyalty, and skill. It is suggested that recreation specialization be assessed by appropriate measures by considering specific information to be achieved. Levene’s test for homogeneity and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were administered to determine differences in degree and range of specialization varied significantly across the different recreational sport activities. Further research is needed to examine a possible relationship between specialization and other marketing variables.

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임태성Tae-SungLim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore strategies for developing the youth's sport culture through the 2002 World Cup. Within the digital culture in the age of globalization, strategies based on the paradigm of the establishment of youth culture policies and the centralization of sport activities are 1) establishment of a new youth sport culture through the establishment of policies; 2) reinterpretation of the youth subcultures and status, and the systemization of youth sport culture; 3) making money and spread of youth sport culture through the utilization of the World Cup infrastructures: new World Cup stadiums' centralization of youth sport culture, surplus fund from the World Cup, and the establishment of a youth sport culture promotion institution; 3) establishment of a healthy attitude toward life through the centralization of sport games in cyber space: 4 models of cyber sport games are provided.

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방지선Jee-SunBang , 허정욱Jung-WookHeo

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to present for the developing racing industry as a sound leisure sport. The result of this study indicated that developing racing industry as a sound leisure sport might include the followings. ① publicity activities for positive recognition from the public. ② control to promote of gambling spirit and legal enlargement of batting system. ③ provision of the place for public leisure sport facility and education. ④ promotion of long term investment and security of human resources for the professional management. ⑤ efficient control and expanded support by the government. ⑥ bringing up and expanded support for the amateur athletes. The racing industry contributes to improve the social welfare, the life quality of local people, and the local economics. It is strongly required to make policy and plan carefully by the government to lead a role of sound leisure sport business.

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최종필ChoiJong-Pill

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mothed of increasing the customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions at public culture and sport center in Seoul, South Korea. Depending on observance more than upon previous empirical findings, this study analyzed the following hypotheses: Ⅰ: Even if service quality factors are improved, the customer satisfaction with service will not be increased. Ⅱ: Even if service quality factors are improved, the customer satisfaction with fitness involvement will not be increased. Ⅲ: Even if service quality factors are improved, the overall customer satisfaction will not be increased. Ⅵ: Even if the overall customer satisfactions factors are improved, the repurchase intentions will not be increased. The study was conducted on subjects selected from a public culture and sport center, and the subjects were randomly selected by utilizing the public culture and sport centers` client database system after consultation with the managers. A self-assessment questionnaire, developed for the doctoral dissertation of Chang(1998) of Ohio State University. Then, to analyze the data was utilized the multiple regression statistical Enter mothed. The findings in this study was as follows: 1) In the nine service quality predictors, [Program(ß=.099)], [Interpersonal Interaction(ß=.130)], [Contact with Physical Environment(ß=.128)], [Service Failure & Recovery(ß=.155)], and [Perceived Service Quality(ß=.438)] Factor showed the unique relationship between the customer satisfaction with service. 2) In the nine service quality predictors, [Program(ß=.208)], [Interpersonal Interaction(ß=.278)], [Contact with Physical Environment(ß=.192)], and [Perceived Service Quality(ß=.239)] Factor showed the unique relationship between the customer satisfaction with public culture and sport center involvement. 3) In the nine service quality predictors, [Service Failure & Recovery(ß=.198)], and [Perceived Service Quality(ß=.201)] Factor showed the unique relationship between the clients` repurchase intentions. 4) In the overall customer satisfaction predictors, [Customer Satisfaction with public culture and sport center(ß=.528)] Factor showed unique relationship more than [Customer Satisfaction with service(ß=.197)] on clients` repurchase intentions.

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정동화JungDong-Hwa

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among professional self concept, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior of sports for all leader. Subject of this study were sampled to 368 sports for all leaders by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method. The survey questionnaires were used to collect the data. The questionnaires for measuring professional self-concept had been developed by Arthur(1990) and standardized in Korean language by Song, Nho(1985). The questionnaires for measuring organizational commitment had been developed by Mowday(1979) and standardized in Korean language by Kim. The questionnaires for measuring organizational citizenship behavior had been standardized in Korean language by Lee(1997). Statistics employed in this study were analysis of multiple regression analysis and pass analysis. Based on the procedures and results, this study reached the following conclusions : First, professional self concept of sports for all leader influences on organizational commitment. Second, professional self concept of sports for all leader influences on organizational citizenship behavior. Third, organizational commitment of sports for all leader influences on organizational citizenship behavior. Fourth, there are causal relationships among professional self concept, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior of sports for all leader.

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방지선Jee-SunBang

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Abstract

Currently，a local self-governing body is driving to a force of establishment local financial that the aspect activation of local economic through various hold sports event. But， the held sports even in local self-governing body would not found system of event plan and management by unqualified people for sport event. Also, it have resulted in a deficit for such a directly economic effect of event revenue and a recognize as a generous event. The community sports event is absolutely need for those community sport events to guide book about the precedence task for successful community sports event. The purpose of this study was to present of the precedence task for successful community sports event. The research methods for this study were review research and field interview related to Bureau of the community sport in local self-governing body， sport tourism department on university and sports event agents. The results of this study indicated that the precedence task to success for community sport events might include the following. ①improvement of legal system and enlargement of support ②k newly establishment expert system ③organization of professional committee ④investment of long-term ⑤clearness of concepts ⑥business of sport tourism ⑦creation of unique programs ⑧ introduction of the third sector system.

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김용만KimYong-man

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the marketing communication effects that corporations can gain by sponsoring pro sport league. Specifically, it is focused on identifying the relationship between pro basketball and pro baseball spectators’ perceived sport sponsorship, corporate image, attitude toward the brand’, and purchase intention. The survey target is pro basketball and pro baseball spectators. We have collected data using cluster random sampling, come up with a total of 2,934 valid samples and utilized AMOS4.0, and conducted analysis of covariance structural model. First, through exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s α, we have examined the validity and reliability. And, to induce measurement models, we have carried out confirmatory factor analysis. Afterwards, after we have revised evaluated the goodness of fit of the research models, we have presented revised models. Based on revised models, we have verified our research hypotheses. The results are as follows; First, a corporation’s contribution to events has a significant, positive effect on its corporate civic image. Second, a corporation’s contribution to events has a significant, positive effect on its corporate superiority image. Third, communication tool has a significant, negative effect on corporate civic image. Fourth, communication means has a significant, negative effect on corporate superiority image. Fifth, corporate civic image has a significant, positive effect on attitude toward brand. Sixth, corporate superiority image has a significant, positive effect on attitude toward brand. Seventh, attitude toward brand has a significant, positive effect on purchase intention.

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박양규ParkYang-Kyoo , 김은하KimEun-Ha

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out what factors among managemental factors of a pro-baseball team affect the spectator-satisfaction and the corporate image. The researchers decided the managemental factors of a pro-baseball teams, and defined the relationship between the managemental factors and the spectator-satisfaction as well as the corporate image. Eight pro-baseball teams and 440 spectators in seven stadiums were selected by the method of Stratified Clustered Random Sampling. The researchers applied the scale which Lee(1996), Hansen and Gauthier(1989), Wakefield, Blodgett, and Sloan(1996), Wakefield and Sloan(1995) used in their studies for the managemental factors. For corporate image items, the scale which Winters(1986) used was adapted. Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis were performed for statistical analysis. The results of this study are as follows: First, the managemental factors of a pro-baseball team were categorized by eight factors - cleanness/ convenience, price/ catering, managers, team supports, guidance, players, pleasantness/ control, and tickets. Corporate image was categorized by two factors - business factor and social contribution factor. Second, spectator-satisfaction related managemental factors were players, cleanness/ convenience, team support, and guidance. Third, the business factor of corporate image had a significant relationship with team supports, players, tickets, and catering/ price while the social contribution factor had a significant relationship with team support, players, tickets, catering/ price, guidance, and cleanness/ convenience.

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전용배JeanYong-Bae

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine and explored the reasons why KPBPA(Korea Professional Baseball Players Association) has been unable to establish itself as a labor union and a legal aspect of KBO Regulations and labor relation law in Korea. The suggestion is made that the employer’s ethical problems, unequal treaty and limited support by KBO and professional baseball teams have contributed to the issue. The background and current situation were analysed and future recommendations were suggested. The paper will attempt to discuss factors contributing to the circumstances and endeavor to imply possible solutions, such as a corporate juridical person for KPBPA and violation of Fair Trade Act. This study also assumed that baseball antitrust law does not apply to the Korea Fair Trade Commission. In conclusion, establishing players’ labor union could be quite possible within the limits of the existing law.

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오상덕OhSang-Duk

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Abstract

Korea's hosting of the 2010 Winter Olympics will contribute to the development of winter sports as well as to an increase in its number of participants. Following the hosting of such international sport event as the Summer Olympics, Winter and Summer Asian Games, and its invitation for the World Cup, the hosting of the Winter Olympics will be significant in that it will allow Korea to be recognized as a developed country and as a strong sport nation. It will also have the symbolic meaning of being the completion of Korea's hosting of international sport events. This paper attempts to adopt a proper measure for successfully invitation and hosting the 2010 Winter Olympics. In order to do so, the significance of the possible hosting of the Winter Olympics will be discussed first. Next, cases of the 88 Seoul Olympics and 94 Lilleheimer and 98 Nagano Winter Olympics will be analyzed to determine a proper bidding strategy. The co-hosting of the 2010 Winter Olympics by North and South Korea may be a proper means to build a foundation for North and South exchange and reconciliation. Thus, strategies for successfully co-hosting the event and plans for an economical and successful operation will be provided.

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황임주HwangInjoo

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Abstract

The functional view of dance treats a body as the object of a method, and puts the strong emphasis on dance techniques. As such a view is dominantly held in dance education, dance students may possess a bias toward the learning process in dance. This study is to analyse some problems in dance education, which are caused by the functional view of dance, and suggest proper directions to solve these problems. First of all, the functional view limits the role of a body as the object of a method, and does not try to identify and understand the meanings produced from both body and movements. As dance training and technical exercise are overemphasized in this view, the creative basis for dance becomes weaker. With a weaker basis, it is more difficult for a Korean dance community to respond to the globalization in dance. Furthermore, when a correct mastery of dance techniques is only emphasized in dance education, the basic learning skills such as writing, critical thinking, and the methods for finding knowledge, may not be learned in higher education. To overcome those problems caused by the functional view in dance, the following are suggested. First, considering various types of Knowledge related to dance discipline, interdisciplinary programs should be developed and institutionalized in dance education. Secondly, critical writing exercises should be introduced and used in dance courses. This simple writing exercise will enhance students` abilities to understand dance pieces. Thirdly, because dance students need more opportunities for dance trials, students` frequent participation in professional dance performances should be reconsidered.

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김영미KimYoung-Mee

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Abstract

purpose of this study is to find out how much motivation of dance participation influences on dance participation of dancers and to investigate factors related to motivation of dance participation and dance participation. Research hypotheses and casual model were designed, based on the previous studies and theories. Sex, perceived dance ability, support of significant others were set for background variables, motivation of dance participation for independent variables, satisfaction in mooring dance during college life for an intervening variable, and dance participation for dependent variables. The samples were collected from 362 college students who were mooring in dance in Seoul, Daejon, and Chungnam province by using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected by using the questionnaires whose validity and reliability were tested through the pilot study. Regression analysis and path analysis method were also used in order to test hypotheses. Each hypothesis was tested at the signigicant level of .05. On the basis of the results, the conclusions were drawn as followings ; 1. Perceived dance ability and support of teacher are positively significant in the other four motivations of dance participation except amotivation. 2. Intrinsic motivation has a positive influence on satisfaction in mooring dance during college life, but amotivation a negative satisfaction. 3. External motivation positively affects practice frequency, practice time, and duration of dance participation, but introjection motivation negatively does practice time, duration of dance participation. 4. There are significant causal relationships among motivation of dance participation, satisfaction in mooring dance during college life, and dance participation.

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김우자KimWoo-Ja , 문윤제MoonYun-Je

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the stress scale by extracting the professional dancers stressor to effect dancer’s performance negatively and to provide personality type, social support, coping method to improve their performance. The subjects are 170 Korean and ballet professional dancers(Seoul, Kwangju·Chonnam, Chonbuk, Cheju). The scale are the stress scale of professional dancers which is made by research, A/ B type behavior pattern scale which is made by Jenkins(1979), social support scale which is made by House & Wells(1978) and coping scale which is made by Croker(1992). The conclusions obtained from this study: 1. The stress scale used in this study is composed of 5 subfactors which have 34 items. The 5 factors are named competitive anxiety stressor, cohesion stressor, director and coachers stressor, environment stress, expectation of others stressor. 2. Subjects who Baller professional dancer is higher stress than subjects who Korean professional dancers in competitive anxiety stressor, cohesion stressor, director and coachers stressor, environment stress, expectation of others stressor. 3. Subjects who have A type behavior pattern is higher stress than subjects who have B type behavior pattern in competitive anxiety stressor, cohesion stressor, director and coachers stressor, environment stress, expectation of others stressor. 4. The dancers who have more social support show lower stress than the dancers who have low social support in competitive anxiety stressor, director and coachers stressor, environment stress, expectation of others stressor. 5. The dancers who have more problems-focus coping and vigorous coping show lower stress than dancers who have low problems-focus and vigorous coping in competitive anxiety stressor, director and coachers stressor, environment stress, expectation of others stressor.

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김효분KimHyoBoon

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Palkwonhoe and traditional Korean Da noes. Palkwonhoe was a kind of national festivals of the medieval Koryeo Dynasty (918-1392) on the base of the Buddhism and many spiritual cults which has been celebrated by the king and royal families in the palace and the people all around the country, but was stopped at the beginning time of the following Chosun Dynasty. This Palkwonhoe is one of the most important traditional cults that have influenced the development of traditional Korean dances, because there so many kinds of dances of Korea as well as from China and other foreign countries were performed during and after the ceremony by the professonal dancers of the government in the front of the king. The ceremony, always on November 14th and 15th under the full moon, consists of two parts: one is a worship cult for the gods in heaven and earth, mountains and livers and another is an entertainment, eating and drinking for the people. The word of Palkwonhoe itself originated from the Buddhism. Pal-Kwon-Hoe is a compound of three words: `Pal` means number eight, `Kwon` abstinence and `Hoe` convention. So a convention of oath to carrying out eight abstinences: the big five of eight is not to kill, not to steal, no adultery, no unnecessary words and not to drink and the small three specially for the monks. But the Palkwonhoe of Koryeo Dynasty is very different from the Buddhistic Palkwonhoe. Because of this difference of outside and inside, form and content, Palkwonhoe has been always researched through the perspective of histrorics, religious faculties, politics, ethnics, art critism and etc. But no study of traditional Korean dancing perspective, therefore this study is the first effort to investigate a relationship between ceremonial Palkwonhoe and development of traditional Korean dances that have been inherited from yesterday to today through the blood of Koraen people and to open a horizon to the academic dancing art.

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Kang Kyung-hwan

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Abstract

The primary purpose of study was to reveal the effect of aging on the static balance and dynamic balance in the older adults. The second purpose of this study was to see relationship between aging and static balance and between aging and dynamic balance. Forty older adults males between the ages of 63 to 78 year old and are classified into two groups: group 1 (60 to 69 year old) and group 2 (70 to 79 year old). Static balance was measured by using the Functional Reach Test (FRT). The FRT is a distance measurement and records the maximal distance one can reach forward beyond arm’s length while maintaining a fixed base of support in the standing position. Dynamic balance was measured by using the Dynamic Balance Functional Fitness Assessment (DBFFA). DBFFA is a timed measurement that involves straight ahead movement, change of direction, and changing body position. The results of ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in dynamic balance test scores between group 1 and group 2. The subjects in Group 2 moved 9.21% faster than that of group 1 in dynamic balance test. However, there was no significant difference in static balance test scores between two groups. The results of correlation analysis showed there was a significant positive correlation between aging and dynamic balance (r=.396) at the 0.01 level. However, there was negative correlation between aging and static balance, but not significant. The results of this study showed that static balance in older adults is well maintained until a person’s seventh decade, but dynamic balance in older adults decreased rapidly after a person’s sixth decade. We can deduce that age-related modification makes older adults react slow in tasks required for dynamic balance.

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김기진KimKi-jin

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Abstract

This study performed the comparison of physiological responses during submaximal exercise and recovery phase between normal and heat condition in obese for the suggestion of the important basis in optimal exercise prescription of obese. Subjects were consisted of the college-aged male students, and were divided to control and obese group(%fat : above 25%). Subjects were performed the 30 min bicycle ergometer submaximal exercise with exercise intensity corresponding to 60% VO_2max in normal(ambient temperature 21±1℃, humidity 65±2%) and heat condition(ambient temerature 40±1℃, humidity 60±2%), respectively. The change of rectal temperature during exercise showed a significant(p<0.05) higher values than resting values, and these values of heat condition showed a significant(p<0.05) higher values than normal condition in both groups. But these changes showed no significant differences between control and obese group. In the change of difference of rectal temperature to resting values during exercise, obese group showed a significant(p<0.05) lower values than control group. The change of systolic and diastolic pressure during exercise showed a significant(p<0.05) higher values than resting values in both groups, and these changes of obese group during exercise showed a significant(p<0.05) higher values than control group. When we suggested the optimal exercise prescription in obese subjects, it must consider to the change of blood pressure and rectal temperature during exercise in heat condition.

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고온, 비만인, 혈압, heat, obese, blood pressure

이원재LeeWon-Jae , 주성범JuSung-Bum , 주정열JooJoung-Youl

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes of muscle strength(flexion, extension, flexion/ extension), trunk flexibility, records in 10m walking, as applying isokinetic exercise using the Cybex NORM testing and Rehabilitation System. The subjects were brain injured patients who received physiotherapy-centered rehabilitative treatment. 1. Trunk flexion 1) There was a significant difference on periods, groups and the interaction of group*period for Peak Torque at 90°/ sec. 2) There was a significant difference on periods and the interaction of group*period for Peak Torque at 120°/ sec. 3) There was a significant difference on periods and the interaction of group*period for Peak Torque at 150°/ sec. 2. Trunk extension 1) There was a significant difference on periods, groups and the interaction of group*period for Peak Torque at 90°/ sec. 2) There was a significant difference on periods, groups and the interaction of group*period for Peak Torque at 120°/ sec. 3) There was a significant difference on periods and the interaction of group*period for Peak Torque at 150°/ sec. 3. Trunk concentric flexion/concentric extension 1) There was a significant difference on periods for Peak Torque at 90°/sec. 2) There was a significant difference on periods and group for Peak Torque at 120°/sec. 3) There was a significant difference on periods for Peak Torque at 150°/sec. 4. Trunk flexibility There was a no significant difference on periods, groups and the interaction of group*period for trunk flexibility. 5. Records in 10m walking There was a significant difference on periods for records in 10m walking.

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김대권KimDaeKwon

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the concurrent validity of the 400m and 2km with a group of Down Syndrome patients. The subjects, 12 Down Syndrome patients (M age=27.6 yrs, MIQ=54.3), underwent a maximal treadmill test utilizing a walking protocol, with heart rate and oxygen consumption data collected every minute. They completed a 400m and 2km run. The order of exercise testing was counterbalanced. The results indicated that these subjects showed very poor cardiovascular fitness levels, with a mean VO2 max of 29.3 ㎖/㎏/ min and a mean run times of 130.4 sec and 18.5 min for the 400m and the 2km runs. The correlation between VO2 max and the 2km run was -0.90, and the correlation for the 400m run and VO2 max -0.74. Partial correlation indicated that when the effect of height an weight were held constant, only the correlation between VO2 max and 2km run remained significant whereas that between VO2max and the 400m run dropped. consequently, the 2km run appears to be valid indicator of cardiovascular fitness for these adults with Down Syndrome, but 400m run is not.

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조정희JoJung-Hee , 정소봉JungSo-Bong

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Abstract

The use of closed kinetic knee rehabilitation exercises has benn advocated in recent years. The primary reason cited for employing closed kinetic chain exercises is that these exercises result in less anteroposterior(A/ P) shear force at the knee joint, when compared with traditionally used open kinetic chain. The electromyographic analyses were conducted in 17 subjects(17 men) during clesed kinetic chain exercise(CKCE), i.e. leg press and open kinetic chain exercise(OKCE), i.e. leg curl in rectus femoris(RF), long head of biceps femoris(BF), rectus abdominis(RA), erector spinae(ES) and the results were ; 1) In (CKCE), The EMG activity of RF, RA during changes of knee angle was increased, the EMG between 45°and activity of BF was increased between 30°and 45°at knee angle was decreased 60°at knee angle. The EMG activity of RF, RA during changes of knee angle was increased, The EMG activity of BF, RA was increased between 30°and 45°at knee angle was decreased between 45°and 60°at knee angle. 2) In CKCE, The EMG activity of RF, BF, RA, ES during changes of knee angle was not significantly different. 3) In OKCE, The EMG activity of BF, RF, ES during changes of knee angle was increased. 4) In OKCE, The EMG activity of BF during changes of knee angle was significantly different(p<0.05). 5) In OKCE, The EMG activity of BF, ES during changes of knee angle was increased, So it has an effect on knee and low back. The EMG activity RF, RA, ES during changes of knee angle was significantly different(p<0.05). Base on the results, the OKCE is recommended for knee rehabilitation exercise. Furture reseaeches are warranted comparing electromyographic analysis about EMG activity of gastrocnemius(GCM), soleus during change of knee angle.

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이형국LeeHyung-Kook , 신호수ShinHo-Su

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Abstract

The effects of aerobic dance exercise with machine weight exercise on blood electrolyte variables were investigated. Their physical characteristics were 20.4±0.99 yr., 160.6±4.82 cm, 51.6±3.74 kg, 20.9±3.27%body fat, 40.2±2.77 ml/kg/min. The aerobic exercise(aerobic dance) involved 12 weeks of 2 sessions; 1-8 week(80% of HRmax : 150 beat/ min). 9-12 wk(71% of HRmax : 130 beat/ min), and the machine weight exercise intensity was about 75 % 1RM×10, 3 sets relatively. The blood electrolyte varibales(Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺)were obtained at rest and GXT(grade treadmill exercise test) finsih point. There were statistically tested by One-way analysis of variance with repeated measures(p<0.05) on time in a condition by training time(before, 8-week, 12-week). The results are summarized as follows : 1. On blood sodium change, it was significant increasement at resting point after 8-week(p<0.05). 2. On blood chloride change, it was significant increasement at restint point after 8-week(p<0.05). 3. On blood calcium change, it was significant increasement at resting point after 8-week(p<0.05). 4. On blood magnesium change, it was significant increasement not only at GXT finish point, but also at rest point after 8 and 12-week(respectively p<0.001).

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제세영JeSe-Young

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Abstract

Double product(DP) or rate pressure product(RPP), which is the product of HR and SBP, becomes a useful and practical index of myocardiac oxygen consumption. Recently, several reports suggest a good correlation of the double product breakpoint (DPBP) that represents the point of accelerating double product with the ventilation threshold(VT) during GXT. The purpose of this study was to confirmed the correlation of DPBP with VT during graded exercise testing. 24 healthy male subjects underwent a Bruce protocol treadmill testing with checked every 1min of each stage for automated BP and HR. The results are revealed very highly significant correlation(R₂=.92) between oxygen consumption at VT and DPBP. In compared the mean oxygen consumption at VT(1.73 ± 0.34ℓ/ min) and DPBP(1.76 ± 0.32ℓ/ min), there were not significantly different(p=.128). We have confirmed that close relationship of DPBP to VT during the GXT as previous studies. These results indicate that the DPBP is considered to be a valid and useful index as a marker of the VT.

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이원재LeeWon-Jae , 주성범JuSung-Bum , 조창모ChoChang-Mo

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was performed the comparison of heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rectal temperature, and whole body reaction time among the different recovery trials after each rounds in boxing bout. Subjects were 8 high school-aged boxers, and 3 resting phases between rounds and recovery phase after total rounds were treated by the different recovery trials of 4 types program, as static recovery, dynamic recovery, ice massage treatment, and sports massage treatment. Heart rate of dynamic recovery trial showed a significant(P<0.05) higher than the other recovery trials during 3 resting phases between rounds and recovery phase after total rounds. Blood lactate concentration of sports massage trial showed a significant(P<0.05) lower than the other recovery trials at 30 min of recovery phase. Rectal temperature of dynamic recovery trial showed a higher than the other recovery trials during 3 resting phases between rounds and recovery phase after total rounds, and ice massage trial showed a lower than the other recovery trials during recovery phase after total rounds, but these differences showed no significance. Reaction time showed no significant difference among the different recovery trials during 3 resting phases between rounds and recovery phase after total rounds. These results could not suggest the critical conclusion of optimal recovery trial in boxing bout, although ice and sports massage showed the effective recovery program as the change of blood lactate concentration and rectal temperature.

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윤상호Sang-HoYoun

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Abstract

This study examined the effects of the stress management program on physiological stress response and during exercise blood pressure in the hypertension men. Twelve middle-aged man, ranged in age from 30-40 years, were checked by medical process(resting blood pressure, percent body fat, body fluid), physiological stress response(muscle tension, skin temperature, skin conduction, heart rate), and exercise stress testing(during blood pressure). Each session lasted one hour and the stress management program and treadmill exercise training of 18 session over 6 week(3day/ week). Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance paired t-test. The results were as follows; Body weight and percent body fat were decreased after stress management program and aerobic training in hypertension man(p<0.05), and resting systolic blood pressure were decreased after stress management program(p<0.001) and aerobic exercise training. However, resting diastolic blood pressure were no changed after training. The psychophysiological response including frontalis and cervical muscle tension levels (p<0.001), skin conductant level(p<0.001), heart rate(p<0.05) were decreased after training, and skin temperature were increased after training(p<0.001). During exercise blood pressure were decreased after stress management program and aerobic exercise training. Conclusionally, it was found that stress management program and treadmill exercise training was effective in decreasing percent body fat, psychophysiological response and during exercise blood pressure in patients with hypertension man.

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김형돈KimHyungDon

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of morphological characteristic and motor abilities of college students(n=95) to predict direction changing sprint performance. For the tests of motor abilities several measures of lower extremities were administered in addition to anthropometric measurement. The data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis on SPSS statistical package. The somatotype of male subjects was classified as endomorphic-mesomorphy, whereas that of female subjects as endomorphy. The body mass index of both groups was classified as desirable BMI, although %fat of female subjects were shown little high. The correlation coefficient of dependent variables with dependent variable was very low except sidestep(-0.45) in male subject, whereas coefficient of some independent variable as sidestep and whole body reaction showed moderately high in female subjects. As a result of multiple linear regression analysis sidestep, hip girth, and femur girth were selected as predictive variables to direction change sprint performance of male subjects. On the other hand sidestep, grip strength, and knee length were entered as predictive variables for female subjects. The sidestep was selected as predictor for both genders in common. In conclusion sidestep was proved as best predictor to direction changing sprint performance, which might result from similar movement pattern.

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김은희EunHeeKim , 박상갑SangkabPark

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobics training on abdominal fat and insulin concentration. Subjects were composed of fourteen obese middle-school student. Aerobic training was performed 40minutes per day, 4days per week at 50∼60%HRmax during 1∼6weeks and at 60∼70%HRmax during 7∼16weeks. The items for abdominal fat volume were measured subcutaneous fat volume(SFV), visceral fat volume(VFV), VFV/ SFV by computed tomography. Paired t-test was used to evaluate the difference of baseline and after 16 weeks aerobics training. The 0.05 level of significance was as critical level for the study. The results of this study are as follow; 1. Weight(㎏), %body fat(%), fat mass(㎏) were significantly decreased after 16 weeks aerobics training. 2. VFV, SFV and VFV/ SFV were significantly decreased after 16 weeks aerobics training.. 3. Insulin concentration was significantly decreased after 16 weeks aerobics training. In conclusion, visceral fat was decreased and Insulin concentration was decreased in aerobics training. So it is maybe thought that aerobics training improved body composition for obesity treatment.

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이사겸LeeSa-Gyeom

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate changes of physical fitness of women by differences of Physique, Body composition, Strength and cardiopulmonary function by age bracket. It could be a basis for efficient exercise prescription for women. The subjects of this study were totally 210 women. The results are as follow : Height and LBM were significantly decrease. Weight, BMI, Percent of Body Fat were significantly increase. Percent of Body Fat was the most influence factor as 38.7%. All of Physical Fitness Level were significantly decrease. Strength was more influence than another factors as 62.7∼36.8%. All of Cardiopulmonary Functions were significantly decrease. Oxygen uptake per body weight was the most influence factor as 49.6%. This study is resulted in the following conclusions. Because increase of Percent of Body Fat could be a risk factor of coronary arteriosclerosis or diabetes, it must be improve. With aging, strength and cardiopulmonary functions are decrease. So it is important to take aerobic exercise regularly with use of gross muscle group.

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백원칠BaekWeon-Chil

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Abstract

A variety of factors have effects on maintaining and improving health through exercise but the condition of immunity which is an important function for homeostasis has an important function for adaption and protection. Especially, NK and LAK cells that are effected greatly by physical exercise have been found to be associated with the prevention of development and progression of cancer as well as acute and chronic viral infection, including AIDS and certain autoimmune diseases. To clarify the difference in immunity between control and exercise group, We performed a well designed experiment with animal model, 8-week-old ICR male mice were placed in the following experimental groups. 1) control group (not-exercised), 2) exercise 10 mins (forced to swim for 10 mins/ day, 5days/ week for 12 weeks), 3) exercise 30 mins (forced to swim for 30 mlins/ day, 5days/ week for 12 weeks), 4) exercise 60 mins(forced to swim for 60 mins/ day, 5days/ week for 12 weeks). 12weeks after starting the experiment, the mice from the four groups were examined for the activities of NK cell and LAK cell. The NK cell and LAK cell activity at in vito were checked at the end of exercise and rest time of 48 hrs. The sarcoma-180 cells were inoculated into peritoneal cavity in control and exercise groups at 12 weeks from the beginning of exercise, and thereafter survival time was checked. The mice of the exercise groups showed higher levels of NK cell and LAK cell cytotoxicity against Yac-1 cells than the ones of the control group. On the other hand, there was no difference in survival time between control and exercise groups.

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김승완KimSeung-Hwan , 장명재ChangMyoung-Jei , 김창범KimChang-Bum , 최현희ChoiHyun-Hee , 장완성ChangWan-Sung , 이상민YiSang-Min , 김남수KimNam-Soo

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Abstract

This study was designed to examine concentration of malondialdehyde, glutathione and total antioxidant status in athletes. Baseball, ice-hockey and taekwondo players, eight of each, were volunteered to participate in the graded maximal exercise test and were asked to run from resting stste to their exhaustion. Blood sample were collected to examin before, immediately after, 10 and 30 minutes after the exercise. The results of this study are presented as follows; 1. Different concentration of malondialdehyde was found in each group and on each different phase. However, 10 minutes after exercise, the baseball group showed higher concentration of malondialdehyde than other two groups. 2. Different concentration of glutathione was found in each group and on each different phase. However, before, immediately after, 10 and 30 minutes after exercise, the taekwondo group showed lower concentration of glutathione than other two groups. 3. Different concentration of total antioxidant status was found in each group and on each different phase. However, immediately after, the taekwondo group and baseball group showed lower concentration of total antioxidant status than ice-hockey group. These results suggest that different degree of antioxidant status exist in each group trained with baseball, ice-hockey and taekwondo, measured by the method of treadmill exercise.

Key Words

김성수KimSung-Soo , 박호윤ParkHo-Yun , 이재현LeeJee-Hyun , 박현정ParkHyun-Jung , 조재혁JoJae-Hyuk

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Abstract

25 obese children, aged 10∼12, were divided into the three groups: aerobic exercise program group, combined exercise program(aerobic and resistance exercise) group, and control group. The children carried on exercise program one hour a day, three times a week for 10 weeks. The results of this study were as follows: As the results of the exercise programs, the degree of abdominal fat, degree of obesity and BMI of the aerobic exercise group were significantly decreased compared to those of the control group. There was no change in weight but in height with aerobic exercise group. As the results of the exercise programs, there were no significant differences among the groups in insulin, and leptin of the subjects. Insulin of the subjects, however, was decreased in the exercise groups and increased in the control group. After carrying out the exercise program, the body indices and body compositions of the exercise groups were significantly increased compared to those of the control group, and the aerobic exercise program was more effective than the combined exercise program. So, it is suggested that when we consider exercise programs for obese children, there should be enough time for aerobic exercise before applying other types of exercise.

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김효정KimHyo-Jung , 이인순LeeIn-Soon , 장지훈JangJee-Hoon , 박정배ParkJeong-Bae , 권영우KwonYoung-Woo , 김창근KimChang-Keun

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Abstract

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the menstrual cycle phases and dysmenorrhea on maximal anaerobic performance during short-term anaerobic test and muscle function. Ten eumenorrheic women performed three exercise tests(WAPT, curl-up, grip, back strength test) during menstruation, the mid follicular phase, and the midluteal phase. Blood lactate concentration and heart rate were measured at rest and recovery from the anaerobic power test. Luteal phases were confirmed by basal body temperature chart. Five of the women suffered severe dysmenorrhea(SD) and the other report unsevere pain(LD). In muscle function, no significant differences observed among the phases of the menstrual cycle in anaerobic power, curl-up(p=.07), grip, and back strength tests. However, heart rate(p<.01), blood lactate concentration(p<.05), and heart rate recovery(p<.05) were significantly different during each ovarian cycle. There were significant differences between groups(SD, LD) in anaerobic power(p=.06), back strength(p<.01) and heart rate(p=.06). The results of the present study suggested that the severity of dysmenorrhea may have an effect on exercise capacity.

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박상갑ParkSang-Kab , 권유찬KwonYoo-Chan , 윤미숙YoonMi-Sook

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic and resistance training on abdominal fat. Subjects were composed of sixteen obese middle-aged women. Aerobic training was performed 30minutes per day, 5days per week at 60%HRmax during 1∼12weeks and at 70%HRmax during 13∼24weeks. Resistance training was performed 60minutes per day, 5days per week at 60%of 1RM during 1∼12weeks and at 70% of 1RM during 13∼24weeks. The items for abdominal fat volume were measured subcutaneous fat volume(SFV), visceral fat volume(VFV), VFV/ SFV by computed tomography. Paired t-test was used to evaluate the difference of baseline and after 24 weeks aerobic and resistance training. The 0.05 level of significance was as critical level for the study. The results of this study are as follow; 1. VO₂max(㎖/㎏/min) significantly was increased in aerobic and resistance training group. 2. T-C, TG, LDL-C, Apo B were significantly decreased and HDL-C, Apo A-Ⅰ were significantly increased in aerobic and resistance training group. 3. VFV, SFV and VFV/ SFV were significantly decreased in aerobic and resistance training group. In conclusion, visceral fat was decreased in aerobic and resistance training. So it is maybe thought that long-term aerobic and resistance training improved body composition for obesity treatment.

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주기찬JooKee-Chan , 고성식KoSung-Sik

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the availability of the heart rate threshold (HRT) as the determination of the aerobic exercise training intensity, and to compare the HRT with the lactate threshold (LT) and the ventilatory threshold (VT), all determined by the same exercise test and evaluated by the same computer algorithm. A group of 34 male student performed an incremental exercise test on a bicycle ergometer(modified Conconi test) starting with an initial power output of 40W with intensity increments of 20W/ min until the subjects were exhausted. The HRT and LT determination was done by computer aided deflection point regression analysis from dependence of functional measures on power output. The same computer algorithm was used for VT determination from the relationship between ventilation and oxygen uptake. The results of this study as follow; First, The HRT could be found in 97.1%. Second, there were no significant differences of the HR, VO_2, LA, and power output among three threshold levels. Third, highly significant correlations were found among all measurements made at threshold level in all the thresholds investigated. In summary, the HRT coincide with the LT, VT and, Therefore, may be assumed as a valid noninvasive measure AT. These results suggest that HRT could be used as an alternative method of determining anaerobic threshold in physical education students. Thus, This HRT method may be attractive for the application in training intensity.

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박진기JinKeePark , 권유참YooChanKwon , 박상갑SangKabPark

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on hyperlipidemia. Subjects were composed of fourteen hyperlipidemia elderly women. Aerobic training was performed 40minutes per day, 3days per week at 50%HRmax during 8weeks. Paired t-test was used to evaluate the difference of baseline and after 8 weeks aerobic exercise. The 0.05 level of significance was as critical level for the study. The results of this study are as follow; 1. VO₂max, VO₂max and VO₂max/ LBM were significantly increased in aerobic exercise group. 2. T-C, TG, LDL-C, Apo B were significantly decreased and HDL-C was significantly in aerobic exercise group. 3. Apo A-Ⅰ was significantly increased and Apo B was significantly decreased in aerobic exercise group. In conclusion, T-C, TG, LDL-C, Apo B were decreased, and HDL-C, Apo A-Ⅰ were increased in aerobic exercise. So it is maybe thought that aerobic exercise will prevent cardiac ventricular disease.

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오봉석OhBong-Seock , 신희철ShinHee-Cheul

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of coordination training types on the performance of the track and field`s jumping athletes and to provide the information makes the jumping athlete`s best condition at the competition day to jumping athletes and their directors. Subjects of this study were 15 high school male jumping athletes. They were divided into three group. During the one-week`s coordination training period, one group did the muscle strength reinforce training(MG, n=5), anther group did the explosive power reinforce training(PG, n=5), the other group did the muscle strength and explosive power reinforce training(MPG, n=5). The measurement variables were 30m sprinting, sargent jump and standing five-step long jump. The results were as follows: 1. There was no significant group difference in the pre- and post-test results of 30m sprinting, sargent jump and standing five-step long jump(p>.05). 2. After the coordination training, there was significant elevation in 30m sprinting record of muscle strength reinforce group and muscle strength＋explosive power reinforce group(p<.05). 3. After the coordination training, there was significant elevation in sargent jump of muscle strength reinforce group and muscle strength＋explosive power reinforce group(p<.0001). 4. After the coordination training, there was significant elevation in standing five-step long jump of explosive power reinforce group and muscle strength＋explosive power reinforce group(p<.0001). 5. It was the very muscle strength＋explosive power reinforce group that had been significantly elevated in every measurement variables, that is, 30m sprinting, sargent jump and standing five-step long jump. From these results, I knew the fact that there was no significant group difference in coordination training types of track and field`s jumping athletes. But it was the very muscle strength＋explosive power reinforce group that had been significantly elevated in every measurement variables, that is, 30m sprinting, sargent jump and standing five-step long jump. So I think these results were valuable. For these results, I propose it is desirable for jumping event`s directors and jumping athletes to consist of one-week coordination training types concentrating on muscle strength and explosive power reinforce.

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김덕중KimDuck-Jung , 김창규KimChang-Kew

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of one bout of swimming exercise & regular swimming training on leptin & antioxidant enzymes activity of SD rats. Twenty-four male rats(6 weeks old) were divided into 4 groups according to the adaptive swimming exercise. Analytical items were weight, leptin and antioxidant enzymes (SOD & CAT). All data were expressed as mean & standard deviation by using SPSS package program (win 10.0)., and DUNCAN`s multiple range test was performed to test the significant levels among groups. The result through the statistical analysis of this data were summarized as follows; 1. In the weight changes, there was significant differences in COR & TRR after regular swimming 2. In Leptin level, TRR was much lower than COR (p<.05), but after one bout of swimming training, there was no significant differences both COR & COE and TRR & TRE after one bout of swimming 3. In superoxide dismutase (SOD) & Catalase levels, there were significant differences COR & TRR after regular swimming training, and also significant differences both COR & COE and TRR & TRE after one bout of swimming exercise.

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배철웅BaeCheol-Ung

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Abstract

This study was to investigate the effect of long-term regular running aerobic exercise on the activation of antioxidation enzyme and lipid peroxidation. 14 subjects were divided into the exercise(7) and the control(7) groups. The exercise group had 12 week of running aerobic exercise 4 times a week with ACSM(1995) protocol, 55-65%of HRmax from the beginning to sixth week, 66-75% of HRmax from 7th to 12th week. The subjects had 60 min exercise for each day. After extracting the blood sample, the activation of antioxidation enzyme and lipid peroxidation were compared between the groups. The one way ANOVA was conducted about pretest, sixth week, and 12th week of the subject data. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. The exercise group showed the significantly greater increase in the activation of SOD after 12 weeks of exercise(p<.05). 2. The exercise group displayed the significantly higher increase in the activation of CAT after 12 weeks of exercise(p<.05). 3. The exercise group revealed the significantly greater increase in the activation of GPX after 12 weeks of exercise(p<.05). 4. The exercise group had the significantly greater decrease in the activation of MDA after 6 weeks of exercise(p<.05).

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남상석NamSang-Seok , 선우섭SumOo-Sub

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Abstract

To investigate the effect of resistant and endurance training of mid-intensity in a long term(6 weeks) on motility and morphology of sperm, this study was performed in university students(n=17, age=19.8±1.6, height=176.7±7.5cm, weight=74.4±5.4). The result is follows. 1. There was no significant difference in body composition. 2. Sperm volume increased significantly in resistant training group(RTG). 3. Sperm quantity increased in endurance training group(ETG) but it is insignificant. 4. There is no remarkable change in pH of semen after RT and ET 5. Total motility, VCL and VSL increased, but there is no significant difference after RT and ET. 6. Sperm ratio of normal morphology was not changed, but length of sperm head, width of sperm head and acrosome ratio significantly decreased after RT and ET. 7. Total motility, VCL and VSL increased when pH of semen was little or declined after RT and ET. 8. Total motility increased when length of sperm head narrowed and decrease of sperm volume was low after RT. 9. The less decrease of acrosome ratio after ET, the more increase of sperm volume. These results show quite a possibility that resistant and endurance training of mid-intensity in a long term(6 weeks) increase sperm volume and quantity in respectively.

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金雯JinWen , 오덕자OhDuk-Za , 김승완KimSungHwan , 방대봉BangDaeBung , 강호율KangHo-Youl

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of one-year resistance training on bone mineral density of female high-school students. The five female students as weight lifter beginners(WL) were voluntarily engaged in this study and the age and height matched female students were served as control group(CON). Bone mineral densities(BMD) were measured at Lumber 1-4 and Femur’s 3 sites(neck, ward’s triangle, and trochanter) with Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. These results indicated that the training in WL had a significant effects on the change of BMD in Lumber vertebra but not in femoral area. It was showed that the increase of BMD in adolescence are affected by resistance training the more than weight and height. Based upon these results we conclude that the resistance training is very effective method of increasing BMD in female high-school students but at least need 1 year periodically practice.

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윤종대YoonJong-Dae , 조현철ChoHyun-Chul

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of creatine as an ‘ergogenic aid’ in well-trained Judo athletes. The dosage of creatine which repeat dosage, and suspension for 10 weeks was carred 20 Judo athletes out in a three groups. The follow results was obtained which was analyzed variation body composition, and isokinetic maximum knee extension, and flexion. The results of this study was summarized as the follows; 1. It was showed that the larger amount supplementation of creatine was the more positively effected on the body composition comparing with the other groups, but repeat dosage and suspension 2. It was showed that supplementation of creatine was effected on muscle strength in both groups and there was no significant difference by amount supplementation of creatine repeat dosage and suspension was little effected however, it is suggested that creatine effect as the ‘ergogenic aid’ is maintained inferior limitedly above 2weeks.

Key Words

김영일kimYoung-Il , 김남익KimNam-Ik , 최건식ChioKun-Sik , 김덕중KimDuck-Jung

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of body fat on pulmonary function in adult woman. The subjects consisted 100 adult woman subjects who was aged 40-59 years were checked by medical process and exercise stress testing. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: normal group(n=50) and obesity group( n=50). Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of independent t-test. Results of this study were as follows. 1. Between the normal and obesity groups %BF and BMI, Weight were showed significantly (p<0.01) difference, but hight and age were not. 2. _PeakSBP and _PeakDBP, were showed significantly(p<0.01) difference, also VC, FVC, FEV_0.5, FEV₁, FEV₃, TLC significantly(p<0.05, p<0.01) difference between the two groups. 3. Correlation coefficient with %body fat have significantly(p<0.05, p<0.01) all subjects.: VC(r=- 0.359), FVC(r=-0.398), FEV₁(r=0.338), MVV(r=-0.208). 4. Correlation coefficient with %body fat have significantly(p<0.05, p<0.01) normal subjects.: VC(r=- 0.325), FVC(r=-0.322), FEV₁(r=-0.373), MMEF(r=-0.320), MVV(r=-0.333). Conclusionally, the percent body fat has independent effect on pulmonary function after adjustment for overall in normal and mildly obese woman.

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이재호LeeJaeHo

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance exercise training on the immune cells during submaximal exercise. six male subjects were trained using bicycle ergometer for eight weeks. The changes of the immune cells were measured at rest, immediately after submaximal exercise test and at 60 min of recovery phase. in pre-training and post-training periods. After the post-exercise and recovery 60 minute, total leukocytes and granulocytes count were significantly(p< .05) decreased more post-training than pre-training. The lymphocytes count was significantly(p< .05) decreased more rest than recovery 60 minute in pre-training, but there was no difference in post-training. The monocytes count was showed the same type in the change of lymphocytes, but there was on significant. In conclusion, the immune cells count has not shown significant change during submaximal exercise in post 8 week endurance training. Therefore, this study suggests the possibility the prolonged training reduce unexpacted change of immune cells by physical stress(exercise) and it was effective on conserving the homoestasis of immune function.

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오봉석OhBong-Seock

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The purpose of this study was to studying the primary school children’s obesity by the change aspect of body mass index from the first year in primary school days to the second year in high school days, and to offering the obesity treatment method of primary school children. Subjects of this study were primary school children who was in the second year in girl’s high school(n=481). The measurement times of body mass index(BMI) were two, that is, at the first year in primary school days and at the second year in high school period. The results were as follows. First, BMI of first year student in primary school days was significantly elevated about 5∼6㎏／㎡ at second year student in high school period(p<.0001). Second, if the BMI of first year student in primary school days were 11∼14㎏／㎡, the possibility of underweight at second year student in high school period was very high(p<.0001). Third, if the BMI of first year student in primary school days were 15∼17㎏／㎡, the possibility of normal body weight at second year student in high school period was very high(p<.0001). Forth, if the BMI of first year student in primary school days were 18∼19㎏／㎡, the possibility of overweight at second year student in high school period was very high(p<.0001). Fifth, if the BMI of first year student in primary school days were over 20㎏／㎡, the possibility of obesity at second year student in high school period was very high(p<.0001). From these results, I suggest that because the possibility of normal body weight after 10 years from the first year of primary school days is very high it is necessary to be prudent in classifying BMI 15∼17kg／㎡ into underweight at first year student in primary school days, that if BMI of first year student in primary school days was 18∼19㎏／㎡ it is also necessary to be prudent in managing overweight and obesity, that if BMI of first year student in primary school days was over 20kg／㎡ there is necessary special prudence in managing obesity.

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조홍관ChoHong-Kwan

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The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of caffeine ingestion on the metabolic responses during submaximal exercise. Ten male of runners aged 19-22 yrs participated in this study. No subjects had any remarkable medical history and none were taking medications. According to the administrations of dehydrated caffeine (CA) (6㎎/㎏) or placebo (PA), they were classified into two groups such as caffeine group and placebo group. A randomized, double-blind, crossover protocol was employed using either CA or PA. Subjects underwent a submaximal bicycle ergometer. Blood was drawn intravenously prior to 60 min, at rest, 30min after exercise, 45min after exercise, and recovery period. Plasma concentration of glucose, free fatty acid and lactate were obtained using enzymatic method. Followings were obtained by the tests and analyses ; 1. Blood glucose (BG) of 45 min of exercise was significantly decreased in CA group of 79.4±8.8㎎/ 100㎖) compared with PA group of 96.8±10.1 ㎎/ 100㎖(p<.05). 2. Free fatty acid (FFA) of 30min of exercise was significantly increased in CA group of 695.1±128.4μＥｑ/ℓ compared with PA group of 379.4±110.6μＥｑ/ℓ (p<.05) FFA of recovery period of caffeine group (975.9±140.5 μＥｑ/ℓ was higher than that of placebo group (614.5±102.4μＥｑ/ℓ) (p<.01). After exercise, FFA was significantly higher in CA group than those in PA group (p< .05, p<.01). 3. Blood lactate (BL) was not significant difference between the two. After exercise, BL was higher than resting both caffeine group and placebo group respectively (p<.05).

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강신범KangShin-Beum , 최보열CholBo-Yeol , 하해동HaHael-Dong

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This study compared the physical fitness, blood properties, and nutritional intake of female marine sports athletes with those of age-matched college students. The results were summarized as follows; 1) %Fat of female marine sports athletes were significantly lower than those of sedentary students: 19±3% vs 23±2%. 2) Estimated VO₂ max of female marine sports athletes were significantly higher than those of sedentary students: 38.3±3.7㎖/㎏/min vs 31.3±3.0㎖/㎏/min. 3) Serum concentrations of LDH and CPK of female marine sports athletes were higher than those of sedentary students. 4) Serum concentrations of HDL-C of female marine sports athletes were also higher than those of sedentary students. 5) Blood Hb and Hct values of female marine sports athletes were lower than those of sedentary students. 6) Nutritional intake of female marine sports athletes were slightly higher than those of sedentary students, however their intake was considered less than the required intake for athletes who perform regular training.

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박동호ParkDong-Ho , 김광희KimKwang-Hoi

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To investigate the effect of different exercise intensities as a criterion of exercise intensity on acute high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-c) changes in 17 healthy college aged-men completing two-counterbalanced running trials at different exercise intensities: trial 1 at individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) intensity; trial 2 at 68% VO_2max intensity. For each trial, blood samples were collected at pre-exercise (baseline), 15min post-exercise (15m PE) and 24 hours post-exercise (24h). Serum samples were analyzed for HDL-c, HDL₂-c and HDL₃-c subfraction, LDL, VLDL, total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), cholesterol ester (CE) and triglycerides (TG). In addition, capillary blood samples were collected for analysis of blood lactate concentrations during incremental test to determine IAT. All samples were corrected for plasma volume changes and compared to pre-exercise (baseline). In assessing the lipid and lipoprotein variables, the increase in HDL-c (p < .05,) at both 15 m PE (HDL₂-c= ↑6.04%, HDL₃-c= ↑10.15%) and 24h PE (HDL₂-c= 6.74% HDL(3-c)= 10.37%) were due to the increase in both HDL₂-c and HDL₃-c. The increase in 15m PE TC both IAT and 68%VO_2max intensities occurred. Although there was no significant decrease in TG and VLDL, increased 15m PE TG and VLDL were decrease at 24h PE. These decreases in the concentrations of TG and VLDL-c were contributing to change in 24 h HDL-c concentration. Consequently, the significant increase both 15m PE and 24h HDL-c only at IAT intensity, expending about 350kcal. In addition, reduced 24h PE TG and VLDL can favorably alter the lipid profile. In this study, this finding indicate that although individuals exercise with the same relative exercise intensity, subjects` metabolic responses may vary and may result in different results due to the metabolically different workloads. Therefore, the use of IAT as a criterion of exercise intensity may better than that of VO_2max and HRmax with respect to individualized metabolic stress for each individual as well as reduction of metabolic and physiological variables.

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곽이섭kwakYi-Sub

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of MCT (Medium-Chain Triglycerides) supplements on exercise performance time, FFA (free fatty acids), Lipase enzyme and Insulin hormone levels in trained rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups: non- supplement untrained resting group (NUTRG), non-supplement untrained exercise group (NUTEG), non-supplement trained resting group (NTRG), non-supplement trained exercise group (NTEG), MCT trained resting group (MTRG), and MCT trained exercise group (MTEG). At the end of the 8 week swimming training, the subjects were fasted for 12 hours, and blood samples were taken from their abdominal aortas in the Department of Animal Medicine at the Medical Research Center. Among the MTEG, NUTEG, and NTEG, The MTEG had the greatest increase in physical performance time. In the FFA levels, there was significant differences (p<.05) in NUTEG, NTEG and MTEG groups, whereas there was no major difference of FFA levels in the NTRG and MTRG. In the lipase levels, there was significant differences (p<.05) in all six of the groups. In the Insulin hormone levels, there was great differences (p<.05) in NTRG and NTEG groups, whereas there was no significant difference in the NUTEG, MTRG and MTEG. In conclusion, these results suggest that regular prolonged physical training with MCT supplementation, improves exercise performance time through the increase of lipase actvity and FFA levels.

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한성섭Sung-SupHan

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To investigate effects of rats’ treadmill movement by regulary aerobic exercise on serum lipid response 48 male white rats of Sprague Dawley (8 weeks of age) were divided into the two exercise groups (RAG of 16 rats, RBG of 16 ratss) and the one control group (CG of 16 rats). The adaptation training to the environment and the adaptation training to the treadmill running were performed for each 2 weeks, with the exercise intensity of RAG (8∼14m/ min, 0°∼3°), RBG (8m/ min, 0°) respectively, 30 min/ day, 4 times/ week during 12 weeks’ exercise. Comparing the exercise groups with the control group after exercise, I analyzed the levels of the serum lipid response between them. The conclusion acquired was as follows: 1. Compared with the control group among the exercise groups significantly decreased RAG in the serum glucouse levels of each group, respectively(p<.001). 2. Compared with the control group among the exercise groups significantly decreased RAG in the serum triglyceride levels of each group, respectively(p<.001). 3. Compared with the control group among the exercise groups significantly increased RAG and RBG in the high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of each group, respectively(p<.001). 4. Compared with the control group among the exercise groups significantly decreased RBG, respectively in the low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of each group(p<.001).

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김기영Ky-HyoungKim , 김진욱Jim-UkKim , 김성일Sung-IlKim

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The purpose of this study is to compare backpropagation method in neural network to digital filtering, which is frequently used in the field of biomechanics and to present its application. The data used in this study is Pezzack's data(1977) and is often used by many researchers to find the new smoothing method. In backpropagation, finite differentiation was followed by neural network learning, In contrast, digital filtering was followed by finite differentiation in digital filtering method(The same cutoff frequency was used as Pezzack did) The comparison was made between two methods by RMSE(Root mean squared error) and R² of regression analysis. The values of R² for digital filtering and backpropagation were 0.8694 and 0.9421 respectively. The values R2 indicated that the backpropagation method is closer to the original accelerometer values than digital filtering. Therefore, backpropagation function approximation method is promising.

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이연종YeonJongLee , 나연수NaYoonSoo , 백진호BackJinHo

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between final record and the selected stroke variables in 500m sprint skating, and to compare the korean speed skater with 3 top ranked speed skate in 2000 World Sprint Speed Skating Championship. 33 speed skaters participated in 2000 World 500m Sprint Speed Championship, were selected as subject for analysis. 500m race was divided into 5 intervals. The time, velocity variables such as the interval times and interval velocity and the stroke variables such as stroke frequency and the stroke length were obtained through the race analysis. The following observations were made from the data analysis: (a) The final record highly correlated with stroke frequency on 0-100m and stroke velocity on 100-200m and 300-400m. (b) The Korean speed skater revealed lower interavl time on 0-100m and 100-200m, slower stroke velocity on 0-100m, 100-200m and 200-300m and shorter stroke length on 200-400m than 3 top ranked players.

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윤성진YoonSun-Jin , 高松熏TakamatsuKaoru

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate gastrocnemius muscle stiffness during rebound jump on slanted contact surfaces. Nine active males executed a rebound drop jump from a height of 30cm (RDJ30) and 5-repetition rebound jumps (5RJ) on three different surface gradients. Surfaces were 8 degree uphill gradient (U8), 8 degree downhill gradient (D8) and level type (L). Force plate data, limb position and EMG of the medial head of m. gastrocnemius and m. tibialis anterior data were recorded simultaneously during all jumps. The length change of achilles tendon (LAT), m. gastrocnemius (LGAS) and gastrocnemius muscle-achilles tendon complex (LMTC) during eccentric phase were calculated according to the model of Voigt et al. (1995) and Grieve et al. (1978). The main results were as follows; 1. In RDJ30 on U8, ratio of LAT to LGAS (LAT/ LGAS), ratio of achilles tendon force at midpoint to LMTC (ATFMID/ LMTC), mean stretch velocity of gastrocnemius muscle achilles tendon complex (VMTC) and IEMG of the medial head of m. gastrocnemius (IEMGGAS) during pre-activation and eccentric phase were significantly lower, and IEMG of m. tibialis anterior (IEMGTA) were higher than those on L. 2. In 5RJ on U8, LAT/ LGAS, ATFMID/ LMTC and IEMGGAS during pre-activation and eccentric phase were higher than those on L. However, there was no clear difference between U8 and L in VMTC and IEMGTA. 3. Compared with RDJ30, 5RJ displayed significantly higher LAT/ LGAS, ATFMID/ LMTC and VMTC on U8. Furthermore, IEMGGAS was higher and IEMGTA was lower during pre-activation and eccentric phase. These results indicate that compared to L, RDJ30 on U8 causes a reduction in muscle stiffness and elastic energy utilization in order to protect the tendomuscular system and maintain jumping balance. However, in 5RJ on U8, there is a possibility of increased muscle stiffness because the restraint to defend the tendomuscular system that was observed in RDJ30 was reduced by prediction or adaptation to the stretch load.

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김로빈KimRo-Bin , 최지영ChoiJi-Young , 신제민ShinJe-Min

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of step length and walking speed on the angle and range of motion of the lower limb joint. The subjects were 10 undergraduate and graduate students in their 20s with normal legs. The subjects were individually tested at three different walking speed of 0.76m/ s, 1.34m/ s and 2.46m/ s. The step length was regulated to -10% of normal, normal, and +10% of normal step length using foot print. The walking performances of each subjects were filmed using a high speed video camera. The raw data were analyzed by LabVIEW Graphical Program and these data were analyzed by ANOVAs. The results of this study were as follows: 1. At three different walking speed, the maximum dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the ankle joint angle increased and the range of motion of the ankle joint increased as the step length increased. 2. At normal and fast walking speed, the maximum extension of the knee joint angle increased as the step length increased. And the range of motion of the knee joint increased only at normal walking speed as the step length increased. 3. At three different walking speed, the maximum extension and flexion of the hip joint angle increased and the range of motion of the hip joint increased as the step length increased.

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류지선Ji-SeonRyu

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of fatigue upon the kinematic parameters of the lower extremity and tibial acceleration variables during a prolonged run. Running times of 5, 30, 60, 90, 120minutes were selected as experimental conditions to collect data on the support phase. Eight male recreational runners ran on a treadmill at speed corresponding to 75%of their maximum heart rate for 2 hours. The triad markers were attached on the thigh, shank, and foot segment to acquire 3 dimensional coordinates with 6 digital cameras operating at 200Hz and an accelerometer(1000Hz) was mounted on the tibia to collect acceleration variables. The angles of lower extremity joints, Achilles tendon, and rearfoot were calculated using both the Helical and Joint coordinate system in experimental condition for comparison. The major findings were that the maximum dorsiflexion of the ankle joint decreased with increasing running time(p<0.05), but maximum pronation of the Achilles tendon and rearfoot angle were increased(p<0.05). The active peak obtained from the tibia accelerometer were decreased(p<0.05). In conclusion, the fatigue in terms of running time did not have an effect on the knee joint movement, but effected ankle movement in the sagittal plane. In addition, there was no relationship between fatigue and impact peak during running, but active peak depended on the degree of fatigue.

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소재무SoJae-moo , 이문영LeeMun-young , 김효은KimHyo-eun , 이철규LeeCHul-kyu

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This study attempted to investigate and analyze the activity form of FT(functional torque), MMT(net muscular torque), SET(stored energy torque) of lumbar extensor strength of patient group with CLBP and control group was healthy, using the lumbar extension machine(Medex). As a result, the following conclusion was drawn : 1. FT and NMT was significantly lower in the group of patients with CLBP than it was in the control group(p<.01) 2. SET was significantly lower than patient group, as a part of angle, SET was significant difference every measured(p<.01), but exception of maximal extension(0°) 3. In both group, it was found that the extensor strength in accordance with the angles of flexion of the trunk(0∼60°) was high as the angles of flexion of trunk was large and low as they were small. 4. stiffness was significantly higher in the group of patient with CLBP than it was in the control group(p<.01).

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이건범GunBumLee

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Flexibility types of 5 Categories, 6 anthropometric measurements, and 2 strength types of 120 college women (mean age 21.1 years) were obtained to assess the relationships between flexibility types and anthropometric measurements: flexibility types, 2 strength types, and interrelationships among these flexibility measurements. 1. The correlations between the height, leg length and the flexion, extension, dynamic flexibility of the trunk-hip, were moderate significant negative and the relationships between the arm length and the flexibility types for those were low significant negative. Weight and body fat mostly yielded insignificant correlations with the measurements of all flexibility types of 5 categories. 2. The correlations between the sit up and the trunk-hip flexion, the dynamic flexibility were moderate significant, and between the sit up and other flexibility types were low significant. The correlations between the back muscle strength and the flexibility types of 5 categories were low significant and mostly insignificant. 3. High correlations were achieved between the measurements of standing and bending reach test and sit and reach test, and the correlations between the flexibility of trunk flexion types and trunk extension types were moderate significant. 4. The correlation between the measurements of trunk extension and bridge up Ⅱ was moderate significant, but the interrelationship between the extension flexibility types in the same categories was relatively low to it of flexibility types in other categories. 5. None of statistically significant correlations were found between the trunk rotation flexibility and all anthropometric measurements, the measurements of sit up and back muscle strength, and other flexibility types. Maybe the trunk rotation flexibility was specific to the other flexibility types studied. 6. High correlation was acquired between the right to left split of legs, and the front to rear split of legs 7. The correlations between the linear measurements and the bending, twist, and touch test of dynamic flexibility were low, but the means of that should be interpreted at the aspect of the human structures and function. 8. The methods of the linear measurement for the various flexibility types should be reconsidered and the new reliable instrument for the measurement of trunk and hip flexibility should further be developed.

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오수학OhSuhak

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The Monte Carlo(MC) method is a basic computer simulation technique that is now widely used in nuclear reactor design or analysis. More recently, MC studies are increasing in other disciplines such as educational measurement, psychological measurement, or various basic science. Particularly, MC studies based on item response theory are dramatically increased in educational and psychological journal articles. In exercise science and physical education, however, there are lack of studies related the MC method. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to introduce MC study based on item response theory and to apply to studies in exercise science and physical education. This study deals with several topics of MC studies: (1) research areas of MC studies, (2) typical simulation procedures, (3) selecting the number of replications, (4) several indices to examine simulation errors, and (5) an application study using psychomotor data. The application is a comparison study between two equating methods with psychomotor data. The appropriate model for analyzing test scores is the Poisson counts model. 10 replications are used to reduce simulation errors. Four different sample sizes (50, 100, 500, 1500) are selected based on the sample sizes in empirical studies. Test difficulty parameter values are selected from real data. The multiple-attempt, single-item (MASI) simulator is used to generate MC simulation data sets. In this study, the simulation procedures are presented in a step-by-step explanation.

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김주학KimJooHak

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The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of correlated measurement error in power test using structural equation modeling methodology. Power is measured by four field tests. Two hundred and forty seven grade 2 middle school boys were employed in Seoul area for the power tests. Analyses of structural equation models were conducted using CALIS, a sub-program of SAS. The finding from the analysis results are followings. 1) For the first the time point power test, the model 1 in which the correlated measurement error not take account and the model 2 which in the correlated measurement error take account between standing long jump and standing vertical jump showed good model fit and there was no statistical difference in model fit between two models. The estimated reliability coefficients of power factor were similar magnitude about 0.87 and about 0.88 in model1 and 2 respectively. 2) For the two time points power test, the model(A) in which the correlated measurement error were not take account two time points showed not acceptable model fit but the the model(B) in which the correlated measurement error take account two time points showed good model fit. Two models(model A, B) showed statistically significant differences in their model fit. The estimated reliability coefficients of two time points power factor were about 0.99 and about 0.90 in model A and B. The effects become more pronounced with decreasing reliability in measurement.

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오수학OhSuhak , 유정애YouJeongAe

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Recently, a number of research using quantitative and qualitative research methodology is being conducted to inquire the phenomena of physical education and sports. But, among research are some studies with bias and errors that resulted from fragmentary or partial knowledge and experience on using quantitative or qualitative methodology. This paper is not intended to explain what quantitative and qualitative methodology are and to discuss which methodology is better and valid. In fact, the purpose of this paper is to indicate common bias and errors doing quantitative and qualitative research in physical education and sports and to give some directions for researchers who are willing to do `good research`.

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최연희Choihyun-hee , 이택현Leetaeck-hyun , 장명재Changmyung-jei , 김승환Kimseung-whan , 김효철Kimwhoe-chal , 남정혜Namjung-he , 이명철Leemyung-chal

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Peak torque, Eccentric/ Concentric ratio(E/ C ratio), and The knee flexion / knee extension ratio(hamstring/ quadriceps (H/ Q) ratio) during Isokinetic Exercise. Thirty male university students(mean age 21.35 years, mean height 177.8㎝, mean weight 74.3㎏), participated in this study. Isokinetic eccentric and concentric strength of the knee flexion and extension was measured at two angular velocities of 60°/sec and 180°/sec, for five repetitions, using Cybex NORM^TM isokinetic dynamometer. The Peak torque was lower for concentric than eccentric(p<.001) in all speed, and showed decreasing tendency after speed up. And, E/C ratio and H/Q ratio showed increasing tendency after speed up. The H/Q ratios between eccentric and concentric showed no significant different. Therefore, strength was more powerful in eccentric contraction, especially in high speed., and the correlation between angular velocity and antagonistic muscle coactivity was independent.

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